- Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kushintsha umoya, amanzi, ukudla kanye nezindlu, okudala imiphumela eqondile nengaqondile empilweni yomzimba neyengqondo.
- Abantu nezifunda ezisengozini kakhulu zihlupheka kakhulu ngenxa yemiphumela yezempilo yenkinga yesimo sezulu.
- Umkhakha wezempilo kumele ukwazi ukumelana nesimo sezulu futhi unciphise ukushaqeka kwawo ngekhabhoni ngokuhlanganisa ulwazi lwesimo sezulu kanye namandla ahlanzekile.
- Ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi kanye nokulungisa izinhlelo kuletha izinzuzo ezinkulu zezempilo nezomnotho, ikakhulukazi ngokunciphisa ukungcola komoya.
La Inkinga yesimo sezulu isibe ngenye yezinselelo ezinkulu empilweni yabantu.Asisakhulumi ngento ekude noma engabonakali, kodwa ngesenzakalo esishintsha isimo sezulu seplanethi, kanye naso, izimo eziyisisekelo esizidingayo ukuze siphile: umoya ophefumulayo, amanzi aphephile, ukudla okwanele, kanye nezindawo zokuhlala. Igagasi ngalinye lokushisa, isikhukhula ngasinye, noma isomiso ngasinye sishiya umthelela oqondile noma ongaqondile empilweni yezigidi zabantu.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, Izinhlelo zokunakekelwa kwempilo ziyingxenye yenkinga futhi ziyingxenye yesisombululoUmkhakha wezempilo usebenzisa izinsiza eziningi futhi ukhiqiza ukukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa umhlaba, kodwa futhi unamandla amakhulu okuhola ushintsho, unciphise ukuthinteka kwawo kwesimo sezulu, futhi uvikele abantu abasengozini enkulu. Ukuqonda kahle ubudlelwano phakathi kwesimo sezulu nempilo kubalulekile ekwakheni izinqubomgomo zomphakathi, ukuhlela izinsizakalo zokunakekelwa kwempilo, kanye nokwenza izinqumo zansuku zonke ezingenza umehluko.
Kuyini ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu futhi kungani kuthinta impilo kangaka?
Umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba uchaza ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu njenge ushintsho lwesimo sezulu olubangelwa ngqo noma ngokungaqondile imisebenzi yabantu okushintsha ukwakheka komkhathi, okwengeza ekuguqukeni kwemvelo kwesimo sezulu. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, izinhlangano ezifana ne-United Nations kanye ne-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) ziye zaxwayisa ngokuthi ukufudumala komhlaba akuyona nje inkinga yemvelo, kodwa futhi kuyingozi enkulu empilweni.
I-IPCC, eyasungulwa ngo-1988, inesibopho sokwenza lokhu. buyekeza ubufakazi obutholakalayo besayensi, ubuchwepheshe kanye nobezomnotho mayelana nesimo sezulu kanye nokushicilela imibiko yokuvumelana cishe njalo eminyakeni emihlanu. Emibhalweni yayo yokuqala, impilo ayikhulunywa kakhulu, kodwa kusukela maphakathi nawo-90 kuqhubeke, izahluko ezithile zaqala ukunikezelwa emiphumeleni yezempilo yokufudumala komhlaba, okuhlanganisa umqondo wokuthi impilo kufanele ibe yindawo ebalulekile ezinqubweni zesimo sezulu.
Umbiko wesithathu we-IPCC, owashicilelwa ngo-2001, ufingqe lokhu izindlela eziyinhloko lapho isimo sezulu sishintsha khona impiloKusukela ngaleso sikhathi, imibiko eyalandela eyahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa nokuhlolwa kwesine ngo-2007, igcizelele isiphetho sokuthi imiphumela eminingi ebaluleke kakhulu kubantu izovela emiphumeleni engaqondile: ukutholakala kwamanzi okuncane, ukungavikeleki kokudla, kanye nokwanda kwezinhlekelele ezihlobene nezehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu.
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuthinta izidingo eziyisisekelo zokuphila okunempilo: umoya ohlanzekile, amanzi okuphuza, ukudla okwanele, kanye nezindawo zokuhlala eziphephileNjengoba amazinga okushisa enyuka futhi isimo sezulu siba sibi kakhulu, lezi zinsika ziba buthaka, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingenazo izinsiza eziningi, okwenza ukungalingani kwande futhi kwenze kube nzima ukufinyelela izinsizakalo zezempilo eziyisisekelo.
Imithelela eqondile yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu empilweni
Uma kukhulunywa ngempilo nesimo sezulu, imiphumela eqondile iyona ebonakala kakhulu: amaza okushisa, amaza abandayo kanye nemicimbi yesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu njengezikhukhula, iziphepho ezinamandla, izivunguvungu, noma imililo yasendle. Lezi zenzakalo zingadala ukufa okusheshayo, ukulimala okukhulu, kanye nokwanda okungazelelwe kwesidingo sokunakekelwa kwempilo okukhungathekisa izibhedlela nezikhungo zezempilo.
Amagagasi okushisa anamandla ahlotshaniswa ne- ukwanda kokufa ngenxa yokushisa, izinkinga zenhliziyo nemithambo yokuphefumulaLokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi kubantu asebekhulile, labo abanezifo ezingamahlalakhona, izinsana, kanye nalabo abahlala emakhaya angavikelwe kahle. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izigameko zomkhuhlane omkhulu ziholela ekwandeni kokufa ngenxa yokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo, isifo sohlangothi, kanye nezifo zokuphefumula, ikakhulukazi emakhaya angenazo izifudumezi ezanele.
Izikhukhula neziphepho ezinkulu zibangela ukuminza, ukulimala, ukucima kukagesi kanye nomonakalo engqalasizinda yezempiloNgaphezu kwalokho, ukubhujiswa kwezindlu nezinsizakalo eziyisisekelo kushiya abantu abaningi bengenandawo ephephile yokuhlala, okwandisa ingozi yokutheleleka, izinkinga zempilo yengqondo, kanye nokwanda kwezimo ezikhona ezingalashwa.
Imililo yamahlathi, evame kakhulu futhi ebhubhisayo, idala intuthu enkulu nezinhlayiya ezincane Lezi zimpukane zomusi zibhebhethekisa izimo zokuphefumula ezifana ne-asthma kanye ne-COPD, futhi zihlotshaniswa nemiphumela yenhliziyo kanye nokwanda kokungeniswa esibhedlela. Umthelela wazo awugcini ezindaweni ezithinteke ngqo, njengoba izimpukane zingahamba amakhulu amakhilomitha.
Imiphumela engaqondile: umoya, amanzi, ukudla, kanye nezifo ezithathelwanayo
Ngale kwemiphumela esheshayo, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kushintsha kancane kancane izinhlelo ezibalulekile kanye nezimbangela imiphumela yezempilo engaqondile Lezi zinguquko zivame ukunganakwa, kodwa zizonke zingaba zibaluleke kakhulu futhi zihlale isikhathi eside. Phakathi kwazo kukhona izinguquko emoyeni, emanzini, kanye nekhwalithi yokudla, kanye nokusabalala kwezifo ezithathelwanayo.
Okokuqala, ukufudumala komhlaba kuyashintsha ikhwalithi yomoya kanye nokugcwala kwezinto ezibangela ukungezwani komzimba njengempovaAmazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nezinguquko zesizini zandisa noma zishintshe izikhathi zokukhiqiza impova, okwandisa izimpawu zokungezwani nokuphefumula kubantu abaningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwanda kwe-ozone ye-tropospheric kanye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo kwenza i-asthma nezinye izifo zokuphefumula zibe zimbi kakhulu.
Okwesibili, ukwanda kwezifo ezibangelwa amanzi kanye nokudlaAmazinga okushisa aphezulu akhuthaza ukwanda kwamagciwane nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezibangela izifo, okwandisa ingozi ye-gastroenteritis, isifo sohudo, kanye nokuqubuka kwezifo ezitholakala ekudleni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinendawo yokuhlanzeka engafanele kanye nokufinyelela amanzi ahlanzekile okulinganiselwe.
Esinye isici esibalulekile ukuguqulwa kwe- ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo kanye nokuguquguquka kwezifo ezithathelwanayo ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka idluliselwa yizilokazane ezithwala izifo, njengomiyane noma imikhaza. Njengoba amazinga okushisa kanye namaphethini emvula eshintsha, lezi zilokazane zingazakhela ezindaweni lapho zazingakwazi khona ukusinda khona ngaphambili, okwandisa indawo eyingozi yezifo ezifana nomalaleveva, udenga, noma iZika.
Ekugcineni, isomiso esihlala isikhathi eside, ukulahlekelwa amasimu, kanye nezikhukhula kubangela ukufuduka kwabantu ngenkani beya ezindaweni zasemadolobheningokuvamile ezimweni eziyingozi. Lokhu kukhuthaza ukuminyana kwabantu, kuvimbela ukufinyelela ezinsizakalweni zezempilo, futhi kwandisa ubungozi bezinsongo eziningi zempilo, kusukela ekuthelelekeni kuya ezinkingeni zempilo yengqondo.
Ukungalingani kanye namaqembu asengozini ikakhulukazi
Inkinga yesimo sezulu ayithinti wonke umuntu ngokulinganayo: Abantu kanye nemiphakathi esengozini kakhulu ibhekana nemiphumela emibi kakhuluIzifunda ezimpofu kakhulu nezinabantu abaningi kakhulu, njengeningi lase-Afrika noma eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, sezivele zibhekene nomthelela wesomiso, izikhukhula, kanye nezinguquko ekukhiqizweni kwezolimo ngokungalingani.
Ngaphakathi kwezwe ngalinye, amaqembu athile omphakathi athwele umthwalo onzima kakhulu: abesifazane, izingane, asebekhulile, abantu abakhubazekile, abantu bomdabuIzisebenzi zangaphandle, abantu abahlala ebuphofwini, noma labo abahlala ezindaweni ezikude bavame ukuba nokufinyelela okuncane kwezempilo, izindlu eziphephile, amanzi ahlanzekile, noma izinsiza zokuzivikela ezimweni zezulu ezimbi kakhulu.
Isibonelo, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi Abantu abakhubazekile banamathuba aphindwe kane okufa ezimweni zenhlekeleleLokhu kungenxa yezithiyo zomzimba, zokuxhumana, kanye nezenhlalo ezivimbela ukuphuma kwabo kanye nokunakekelwa. Ngokufanayo, abesifazane abakhulelwe, izinsana ezisanda kuzalwa, kanye nezingane—ikakhulukazi amantombazane—babhekene nengozi enkulu yezifo, ukungondleki kahle, kanye nokuchayeka ekushiseni okukhulu.
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nakho kuyinselele kulabo ukuphila ne-HIV noma ezinye izifo ezingamahlalakhonaUkuphazamiseka kwezinsizakalo zezempilo okubangelwa izikhukhula, ubhubhane, noma ezinye izingozi ezihlobene nesimo sezulu kunganciphisa ukufinyelela kwemithi ebalulekile, ukuhlolwa njalo, kanye nokwelashwa okulandelayo, okwenza kube nzima ukungalingani okukhona.
Lolu luhlu lwezinto ludala umjikelezo omubi wokungalingani kanye nobuthakathakaLabo abangazange babe negalelo elikhulu ekukhiqizweni kwamagesi abangela ukushisa, ezimweni eziningi, yilabo abahlupheka kakhulu ngemiphumela yawo. Ngakho-ke, izinqubomgomo zesimo sezulu kanye nezempilo kumele zihlanganise ukulingana njengesimiso esiyinhloko futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi akekho oshiywa ngemuva.
Umthwalo womhlaba wonke wezifo, ukufa kanye nempilo yengqondo
I-World Health Organization ilinganisela ukuthi, phakathi kuka-2030 no-2050, Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kungadala ukufa kwabantu abangaba ngu-250,000 ngonyaka ngenxa yokungondleki kahle, umalaleveva, isifo sohudo, kanye nokucindezeleka kokushisa. Kulokhu kumele kwenezelwe izindleko zokunakekelwa kwempilo eziqondile, ezilinganiselwa ezigidigidini zamaRandi minyaka yonke, singabali ukulahlekelwa kwezomnotho okungaqondile okuvela ekunciphiseni umkhiqizo noma ukulimala kwengqalasizinda.
Ngokombono wezomnotho, kulindeleke ukuthi izindleko zokunakekelwa kwempilo eziqondile ezihlobene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu Lezi zindleko zingasukela ku-$2 billion kuya ku-$4 billion ngonyaka ngo-2030. Lesi sibalo asihlanganisi eminye imiphumela yezezimali ebangelwa ukubhujiswa kwezindlu, izitshalo, noma amanethiwekhi ezokuthutha, okuthinta nempilo kanye nenhlalakahle yabantu.
Inkinga yesimo sezulu ayithinti nje impilo yomzimba kuphela, kodwa futhi... impilo yengqondo kanye nenhlalakahle engokomzweloUkuchayeka ezimweni zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu, ukufuduka ngenkani, ukulahlekelwa yindlela yokuziphilisa, indlala, kanye nokungondleki kahle kudala ukukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka, ukucindezeleka ngemva kwenhlekelele, kanye nezinye izifo zengqondo ezingahlala iminyaka eminingi.
Ngisho noma bengazange babhekane nenhlekelele ngqo, abantu abaningi babhekana nayo ukukhathazeka ngemvelo kanye nomuzwa wokungaqiniseki okungapheli bebhekene nekusasa lomhlaba kanye nezimpilo zabo. Lo mthwalo ongokomzwelo ungathinta ikakhulukazi intsha kanye nentsha, ebona inkinga yesimo sezulu njengosongo oluqhubekayo futhi, ngezinye izikhathi, njengokungabi nabulungisa kwezizukulwane.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinkinga zomzimba, zengqondo kanye nezomnotho kwenza Inkinga yesimo sezulu ingenye yezinsongo ezinkulu empilweni yomhlaba wonke ekhulwini lama-21Lolu daba seluxazululiwe kakade ngokuhlaziywa okuningi kwesayensi futhi lusezinhlelweni zezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke. Yingakho kuphuthuma ukwamukela izinyathelo eziqinile zokunciphisa kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo.
Indima yomkhakha wezempilo: ukuqina kanye nokukhishwa okuphansi komoya ongcolile
Umkhakha wezokunakekelwa kwempilo unezinhlangothi ezimbili: ngakolunye uhlangothi, kumele ukuvikela umphakathi emiphumeleni yokushintsha kwesimo sezuluNgakolunye uhlangothi, ukunciphisa ukuthinteka kwesimo sezulu okubangelwa ukusebenza kwazo. Izibhedlela nezikhungo zokunakekelwa kwempilo zisebenzisa amandla amaningi, izinto zokwakha, kanye nezinsizakusebenza, futhi zinesibopho sengxenye enkulu yokukhishwa kwegesi emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngo-2020 kwalinganiselwa ukuthi Umkhakha wezempilo ukhiqize cishe u-4,6% wokukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa umhlaba wonkeNgaphezu kwalokho, isikhungo sezempilo esisodwa kwezintathu asinazo izinsiza ezanele zokuphatha imfucuza yaso ngendlela efanele, okwandisa izingozi zemvelo nezempilo, kokubili endaweni kanye nasemhlabeni jikelele.
Yakha izinhlelo zezempilo eziqinile Ukuhlanganisa ulwazi lwesimo sezulu kanye nesimo sezulu ekuqapheni impilo kuhilela ukuxhumanisa idatha ngokushisa, imvula, ikhwalithi yomoya, kanye nezibikezelo zesimo sezulu ezimbi kakhulu nezinhlelo eziqapha izifo ezizwela isimo sezulu, okuvumela ukulindela ingozi kanye nezixwayiso zakuqala.
Ukuqina kudinga nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ingqalasizinda yezempilo kanye nemisebenzi yokubhekana nezimo ezimbi kakhuluIzibhedlela, izikhungo zezempilo, kanye nezinsizakalo eziphuthumayo zidinga izinhlelo zesimo esiphuthumayo, imithombo yamandla engeziwe, izinhlelo zokuhlinzeka ngamanzi aphephile, kanye nemiklamo enciphisa ubungozi bezikhukhula, amagagasi okushisa, noma iziphepho.
Kodwa uhlelo oluqinile alunakusekelwa ngaphandle kwabantu: luyisisekelo Tshala imali kochwepheshe bezempilo abaqeqeshwe ngesimo sezulu kanye nempiloUkuqinisa ukungenelela komphakathi nokusekela isenzo sesimo sezulu sendawo kuthuthukisa ukufinyelela okulinganayo kwezinsizakalo zezempilo futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukunakekelwa kufinyelela ngempela kulabo abakudinga kakhulu, ngisho nasesimweni senkinga yesimo sezulu.
Ukususa i-carbonization kanye "nokwenza impilo ibe luhlaza"
Ngaphezu kokuqina, uhlelo lokunakekelwa kwempilo kumele luqhubekele phambili ukukhishwa okuphansi komoya kanye nemodeli yokusebenza okuphezulu kwemveloLokhu kuhlanganisa konke kusukela ekukhetheni imithombo yamandla kuya ekuthengeni izimpahla, ukuphathwa kwemfucuza, kanye nokuklama izakhiwo nemishini yezokwelapha.
Enye yezindlela ezibalulekile yile ukushintshela emandleni avuselelekayo ezikhungweni zezempilongokufaka ugesi ovela emithonjeni efana namandla elanga noma omoya esikhundleni sawo. Lokhu kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kanye nokungcoliswa komoya wendawo ngasikhathi sinye, okunezinzuzo eziqondile ezigulini, abasebenzi bezempilo kanye nemiphakathi eseduze.
Okunye okubalulekile yi- ukwenziwa luhlaza kochungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo zezempiloUkukhuthaza izindlela zemvelo zokuthenga imithi, izimpahla zezokwelapha, amadivayisi, kanye nezinsizakalo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukunciphisa imikhiqizo esetshenziswa kanye, ukukhetha izinketho ezine-carbon footprint ephansi, kanye nokudinga abahlinzeki ukuthi benze izibopho eziqinile zokuzinza.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe- ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kanye nokuphathwa kahle kwemfucuza yezempilo Kubaluleke ngokulinganayo. Izakhiwo ezifakwe kahle ugesi, ukukhanya okusebenzayo, izinhlelo zokulawula isimo sezulu ezithuthukisiwe, kanye nokuhlukanisa imfucuza ngokuqinile, izinhlelo zokwelashwa, kanye nokuvuselela kabusha kusiza ekunciphiseni kokubili umthelela wesimo sezulu kanye nezindleko zokusebenza.
Ngesikhathi se-COP26 ngo-2021, amazwe amaningana athembisa ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi okuvela ezinhlelweni zabo zokunakekelwa kwempilo kanye nokufinyelela ukungathathi hlangothi kwesimo sezulu maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka. Ukuze isekele le mizamo, i-World Health Organization ikhuthaze izinhlelo ezifana ne-Alliance for Transformative Action on Climate and Health (ATACH), enikeza ukwesekwa kobuchwepheshe futhi ixhumanise izinqubomgomo zesimo sezulu ezihlobene nempilo.
Okuhlangenwe nakho eLatin America: ukunyatheliswa kwekhabhoni kanye nezibhedlela eziluhlaza
Emazweni ahlukahlukene aseLatin America, kuye kwaqaliswa amaphrojekthi athile ukuze ukulinganisa nokunciphisa umthelela wesimo sezulu emkhakheni wezokunakekelwa kwempiloLokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuqhubekela ezinhlelweni zezempilo ezihlala isikhathi eside neziqinile, ngezinzuzo zemvelo, ezomnotho kanye nezenhlalo.
Isibonelo, e-Ecuador, uMnyango Wezempilo Yomphakathi kanye nezinhlangano ezikhethekile babambisene kuphrojekthi yokuthuthukisa Linganisela umthelela wekhabhoni ezikhungweni zezempilo ezingu-35Izikhungo ezibambe iqhaza zithole usizo lobuchwepheshe lokuqoqa idatha yokusetshenziswa kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi kusetshenziswa ithuluzi lokuqapha umthelela wesimo sezulu, okwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuhlonza imithombo eyinhloko yokukhishwa kwegesi.
Ngemva kwale nqubo, kwavezwa imiphumela futhi kwenziwa isiphakamiso ukuqeqeshwa okuqondile ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokwenza isimo sezulu esikhungweni ngasinye. Izincomo zazihlanganisa izinyathelo zokusekela ukuhambisana nezibophezelo zikazwelonke zokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi kanye nokuklama amasu okususa i-carbonization kanye nokuqina emkhakheni wezempilo ezingeni likazwelonke.
EColombia, kwasayinwa isivumelwano sokusebenzisana noMnyango Wezempilo Nokuvikelwa Komphakathi ukuze bala isimo sezulu sohlelo lokunakekelwa kwempilo esikalini sesikhungoKwasungulwa indlela yokwenza amasampula, kwakhethwa izikhungo zabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zezempilo (ama-HSP), futhi izikhungo ezingaphezu kuka-400 zaqeda ukuqeqeshwa ku-inthanethi ngokusetshenziswa kwethuluzi lokuqapha isimo sezulu.
Ngemva kwalokho, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "amaHuellatone" kwahlelwa, mathupha kanye namaseshini e-inthanethi ukuze ukusekela izikhungo ekubaleni ukukhishwa kwazo komoyaUkuhlaziywa kwedatha kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukulinganisa ukukhishwa kwegesi okuvela emithonjeni ekhethiwe emkhakheni wezempilo waseColombia futhi kwakhiwe izincomo eziqondile zokunciphisa lokhu, imiphumela yazo eyethulwa esidlangalaleni ngo-2023.
EPeru, ngokubambisana noMnyango Wezempilo, izikhungo eziningi zaqala inqubo yokujoyina i- Inethiwekhi Yomhlaba Wonke Yezibhedlela Eziluhlaza NezinempiloEzinye izikhungo zihlanganyele kumaphrojekthi okuhlola ukuze zilinganise ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa kanye nokuqondisa amasu okunciphisa ukungcola, kuyilapho amanye amazwe esifundeni, njengeMexico neChile, ethuthukise izinhlelo zokuqeqesha ezifanayo zamaqembu ezikhungo zomphakathi.
Amafutha ezinsalela, ukungcola komoya kanye nempilo
Umshayeli oyinhloko wokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ukushisa amafutha asetshenziswa njengezinto zasendulo ezifana namalahle, uwoyela kanye negesiLe nqubo ikhipha inani elikhulu le-carbon dioxide kanye namanye amagesi okushisa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lokhu kusha kukhiqiza ukungcola komoya okulimaza impilo ngqo, okudala usongo oluphindwe kabili: ukufudumala komhlaba kanye nokuwohloka kwekhwalithi yomoya.
Izinto ezingcolisa umoya ezikhiqizwa yizikhungo zikagesi ezisebenzisa amalahle, izimoto zikadizili, kanye neminye imithombo efanayo zifaka phakathi izinhlayiya ezincane (PM2,5), ama-nitrogen oxide kanye namakhemikhali anobuthiLezi zinto ezingcolisayo ziboniswe ukuthi zinegalelo ekuthuthukisweni kwesifo sofuba, izifo zokuphefumula ezingamahlalakhona, isifo senhliziyo, isifo sohlangothi, umdlavuza wamaphaphu, isifo sikashukela kanye nezinkinga zokukhulelwa.
Ukuhlaziywa kweBhange Lomhlaba kuphethe ngokuthi izinhlayiya zezinto ezishiswa uphethiloli ziphakathi kwezinto ezitholakala ku- izinto ezingcolisayo eziyingozi kakhulu empilweniokuhambisana nenani elikhulu lokufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ukususa la mafutha kungavimbela ukufa kwabantu ababalelwa ezigidini ezingu-1,2 minyaka yonke okuhlobene nokuchayeka ezinhlayiyeni zemvelo ezibangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwazo.
Izindleko zomhlaba wonke zomonakalo wezempilo ezihlobene nokungcoliswa komoya seziseduze AmaRandi ayizigidigidi ezingu-8,1 ngonyaka, okulingana ngaphezu kuka-6% we-GDP yomhlaba wonkeNgakho-ke, ukunciphisa kancane kancane ukusetshenziswa kwamalahle, uwoyela, negesi esikhundleni samandla avuselelekayo kukhiqiza inzuzo ephindwe kabili: kuthuthukisa impilo yomphakathi futhi kusiza ekunciphiseni ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu.
Emkhakheni wezokuthutha, ikhambi lise- ukubheja ezimotweni zikagesi ezisebenzisa amandla ahlanzekile kanye nokukhuthaza ukuhamba okusebenzayo —ukuhamba ngezinyawo nokugibela ibhayisikili—. Labo abagibela ibhayisikili nsuku zonke bakhipha inani eliphansi kakhulu lekhabhoni kunalabo abasebenzisa imoto ohambweni lwabo olujwayelekile, futhi bathola nezinzuzo eziqondile empilweni yabo engokomzimba nengokwengqondo.
Ukudla, isimo sezulu kanye nempilo: ekufinyeleleni ekudleni okusimeme kakhudlwana
Lokho esikudlayo kanye nendlela ukudla okukhiqizwa, okucutshungulwa ngayo, nokuthuthwa ngayo kunomthelela omkhulu esimweni sezulu kanye nempilo yethu. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi Cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zokukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa umhlaba wonke kuxhumene nohlelo lokudlakusukela ekukhiqizweni kokudla kuya ekuchithweni kokudla.
Iningi lalezi zingcoliso livela ukukhiqizwa kokudla okusekelwe ezilwaneni okudinga umhlaba wonkeIzibonelo zifaka phakathi ukulima inyama ebomvu, eminye imikhiqizo yobisi, kanye nezinhlobo ezithile zokufuya izilwane zasemanzini. Lezi zinhlelo ngokuvamile zidinga izindawo ezinkulu zamadlelo noma izitshalo zokudla, kanye nokufakwa kwamandla aphezulu, okuholela emthonjeni omkhulu wesimo sezulu.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukudla okusekelwe ezitshalweni—izithelo, imifino, ubhontshisi, amantongomane kanye nokusanhlamvu okuphelele— Zivame ukudinga umhlaba, amanzi, kanye namandla amancane, futhi zikhiqiza ukukhishwa okuncane kwegesi ngekhalori noma igremu ngalinye lamaprotheni akhiqizwayo. Ngokombono wezempilo, ukudla okucebile ezitshalweni kuhlotshaniswa nengozi ephansi yokukhuluphala, isifo senhliziyo, isifo sikashukela sohlobo 2, isifo sohlangothi, kanye nezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza.
Ukwamukela amaphethini okudla alinganiselayo, ukugqama okukhulu kwemikhiqizo esekelwe ezitshalweni kanye nokusetshenziswa okuphansi kwenyama ebomvu necutshunguliweKunciphisa ngasikhathi sinye ukuthinteka kwesimo sezulu kanye nengozi yezifo ezingamahlalakhona. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu emazweni anemali engenayo ephezulu, lapho ukusetshenziswa kwamakhalori namaprotheni ezilwane ngokuvamile kuphakeme kunezidingo zangempela.
Kodwa-ke, ezimweni zabantu abahola kancane, Imikhiqizo yezilwane ingaba umthombo obalulekile wamaprotheni kanye nezakhamzimba ezincaneikakhulukazi ekudleni okunokwehlukahluka okuncane. Ngakho-ke, izincomo kumele zivumelane nesimo ngasinye, zihlale zifuna ukuthuthukisa impilo ngaphandle kokukhulisa ukungavikeleki kokudla noma ukwehlisa ukudla kwabantu abasengozini.
Emakhaya, ukusetshenziswa kwe ukungcolisa izinto zokupheka—njengezinkuni zokubasa, amalahle, noma i-parafini— Kubangela ukufa kwabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu ngaphambi kwesikhathi minyaka yonke, ngaphezu kokufaka isandla ekukhishweni kwe-carbon dioxide kanye ne-black carbon, okungenye yezingxenye zezinto ezincane ezinomthelela omkhulu esimweni sezulu. Ukufaka esikhundleni salezi zinto zikaphethiloli ngezixazululo ezihlanzekile, njengezitofu zokupheka ezithuthukisiwe noma amandla elanga, kuvikela impilo yokuphefumula futhi kusiza ekunciphiseni ukufudumala komhlaba.
Ukunciphisa kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo: izinzuzo zezempilo zesenzo sezulu
Isayensi iqinisekile: Ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi abangela ukushisa komhlaba kuwukutshala imali kwezempiloUkushiya uphethiloli wezinto ezisetshenziswa kudala nokukhuthaza ezokuthutha ezisimeme, ukukhiqizwa kokudla kanye nezinhlelo zokukhiqiza amandla kunemiphumela emihle ngokushesha nangesikhathi eside kubantu kanye nomhlaba.
Izinqubomgomo zokunciphisa ubungozi ezihambisana nemigomo yeSivumelwano saseParis zingakwazi Vimbela ukufa kwabantu abacishe babe yisigidi minyaka yonke ngo-2050 ngokunciphisa ukungcola komoyaUma zonke izinzuzo zezempilo ezitholakala ekunciphiseni ukuchayeka ezintweni ezingcolisayo, ukudla okunempilo, kanye nokwanda komsebenzi womzimba kucatshangelwa, inani lezomnotho lalezi zinzuzo lingaba cishe kabili kunezindleko zezinqubomgomo zesimo sezulu ezidingekayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amasu okuzivumelanisa nezimo agxile ku- ukunciphisa ubuthakathaka bezinhlelo zemvelo nezomuntu lapho sibhekene nemiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu esivele ingenakugwenywa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqinisa izinhlelo zezempilo zomphakathi, ukuthuthukisa ukuqapha kwezifo, ukulungisa ingqalasizinda, ukuvikela imithombo yamanzi, kanye nokuhlela izimpendulo eziphuthumayo zesimo sezulu.
Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke zigcizelela ukuthi lezi zinyathelo kumele zithathwe kuhilela wonke umphakathiAkwanele ukusebenza emkhakheni wezempilo kuphela: izinqubomgomo ezihlanganisiwe ziyadingeka kwezamandla, ezokuthutha, ukuhlela amadolobha, ezolimo, ezemfundo kanye nokuvikelwa komphakathi, njalo ngokulingana kanye nesimiso sokuqapha njengezinsika eziyisisekelo.
Njengoba amagagasi okushisa, isomiso, nezinye izehlakalo ezimbi kakhulu ziqina, kuba yinto ebalulekile ukuhlanganisa impilo kuzo zonke izinqubomgomo zesimo sezuluUkwenza kahle akugcini nje ngokuvimbela ukufa nokugula, kodwa futhi kuqinisa ukuqina kwemiphakathi futhi kunegalelo ekwakheni imiphakathi enobulungiswa nehlala isikhathi eside.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwesimo sezulu kanye nempilo bugcwele cishe kuzo zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke: kusukela endleleni esihamba ngayo edolobheni kuya kulokho esikudlayo noma uhlobo luni lwamandla olusetshenziswa yizibhedlela. Ukuqonda lokhu kuxhumana nokwenza ngendlela efanele kusenza sikwazi... isenzo sesimo sezulu siba yisivikelo esinamandla sokuthuthukisa impilo yomphakathiukunciphisa ukungalingani nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izizukulwane ezizayo zingaphila endaweni ehlalwa kahle nenempilo kunaleyo esikhathazayo namuhla.