Umongo Womlando Wenguquko Yesayensi
Inguquko Yesayensi itholakala ikakhulukazi phakathi kwekhulu le-16 nele-18, isikhathi esaphawula ushintsho olukhulu emcabangweni womuntu. Kuyo yonke le nkathi, izisekelo zefilosofi yemvelo zazingatshazwa , futhi kwenziwa intuthuko eyayizoguqula indlela isintu esibona ngayo umhlaba wemvelo.
Ngaphambi kweNguquko Yesayensi, imicabango ka-Aristotle yayibusa eYurophu yenkathi ephakathi. Imibono ka- Aristotle , esekelwe ekubukeni nasekucabangeni, yabusa ukuqonda imvelo. Kodwa-ke, ukwethulwa kwezindlela ezintsha kanye nokuvuka kabusha kokucabanga okubucayi kwakhuthaza uchungechunge lwezinto ezitholakele ezazibekela inselele imibono eyayisunguliwe.
I-Renaissance Njengomshayeli Woshintsho
I - Renaissance, eyavela endaweni enesithakazelo esivuselelwe olwazini lwakudala , yayibalulekile ku-Scientific Revolution. Abantu abanjengoLeonardo da Vinci noCopernicus baqala ukungabaza imibono ekhona ngokusondela emvelweni ngendlela engokoqobo neyokuhlola.
Izibalo Eziyinhloko Zenguquko Yezesayensi
Ngalesi sikhathi, kwavela izibalo ezibalulekile ezakha ukuvela komcabango wesayensi. Laba bantu abagcinanga nje ngokuletha izinkolelo-mbono ezintsha kodwa basungula nezindlela ezisayisisekelo sesayensi yanamuhla.
UNicolaus Copernicus: Isikhungo Sendawo Yonke
Umsebenzi kaCopernicus onethonya elikhulu, i-De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres), wasungula imodeli ye-heliocentric yesimiso selanga, ephonsela inselelo umbono we-geocentric owawubusa amakhulu eminyaka. Lokhu kusungula izinto ezintsha akuzange nje kuphonsele inselelo ubuhlakani besikhathi sakhe kodwa futhi kwaletha inkathi entsha yesayensi yezinkanyezi.
UGalileo Galilei: Ubaba Wesayensi Yanamuhla
UGalileo Galilei ubhekwa ngabaningi njengoyise wesayensi yesimanje . Esebenzisa ithelesikopu, wenza izinto eziphikisana nombono ka-Aristotle, njengezinyanga zikaJupiter kanye nezigaba zikaVenus. Indlela yakhe yokucwaninga, ehlanganisa ukuqaphela nezibalo , yabeka isisekelo sendlela yesayensi yesimanje.
Isaac Newton: The Law of Universal Gravitation
Ngo -Principia Mathematica (1687), u-Isaac Newton waqinisa inguquko yesayensi ngokwakha imithetho yokunyakaza kanye nomthetho wamandla adonsela phansi omhlaba wonke. Indlela yakhe ehlelekile yocwaningo kanye nokwakhiwa kwemibono yezibalo ukuchaza izenzakalo zemvelo kwakha uhlaka oluhlala lukhona nanamuhla.
Umthelela weNguquko Yezesayensi wadlulela ngalé komphakathi wesayensi. Imiphumela yayo yashintsha umphakathi, amasiko nefilosofi.
Izinguquko Emcabangweni Wefilosofi
Abacabangi abanjengoRené Descartes noFrancis Bacon bashintsha ukuqonda kolwazi. UDescartes wakhuthaza ukungabaza konke kwaze kwaba yilapho kufinyelelwa esiqinisekweni, okwaba yisisekelo ekuthuthukisweni kwe-rationalism. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uBacon wasekela ukuqinisekiswa kolwazi ngokuhlola kwesayensi , wabeka isisekelo se-empiricism.
Ukuvela Kwesayensi Njengenqubo Ehlangene
Ukwakhiwa kwezikhungo zesayensi nemiphakathi, njengeRoyal Society eNgilandi kanye ne-Academy of Sciences eFrance, kwakhuthaza ukubambisana phakathi kososayensi. Lokhu kwaphawula ukuqala kwenkathi lapho ulwazi lwesayensi lwalubhekwa njengomzamo ohlangene.
I-Industrial Revolution kanye nezixhumanisi zayo zeSayensi
Inguquko Yesayensi yabeka isisekelo seNguquko Yezimboni ngekhulu le-18. Ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso zesayensi embonini kwasiza ekuthuthukisweni kwezobuchwepheshe okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili, okwaholela ezinguqukweni zenhlalo nezomnotho ezazizoguqula impilo yansuku zonke.
Izindlela Zesayensi Nokuthuthukiswa kwazo
Indlela yesayensi, njengeqoqo lezimiso, yathuthuka kakhulu ngesikhathi seNguquko Yesayensi. Le nqubo yasuka ekubeni yiqoqo nje lokubuka yaya endleleni esemthethweni eyayifuna ukuthola imiphumela ephindaphindwayo.
Ukubuka kanye Nokuhlola
Ukubuka okuhlelekile kwaba yinsika eyisisekelo yesayensi. Ososayensi baqala ukusebenzisa ukuhlola njengendlela yokuhlola imibono, njengoba kufakazelwe emsebenzini kaGalileo ngokuhlola kwakhe izidumbu eziwayo.
Ukwakhiwa kwe-hypotheses kanye nethiyori
Ukwakha ama-hypotheses ngokusekelwe kudatha ephawuliwe kuvumele intuthuko enkulu endleleni yokusebenza yesayensi. Le ndlela yokwenza yaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwemibono eyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa izindawo ezihlukahlukene zocwaningo.
Imithelela Yezimiso Zokuziphatha Nefilosofi
Intuthuko yesayensi phakathi nalesi sikhathi ayizange ibe ngaphandle kwempikiswano. Izinkolelo-mbono ezintsha zaphakamisa imibuzo yefilosofi nezimiso zokuziphatha ezisaphakama nanamuhla.
Izinselele Zenkolo Nokuziphatha
Ukwanda kombono wezwe ongokwenkolo kwabekela inselele igunya lezinhlangano zenkolo. Izinto eziningi ezatholwa isayensi, ikakhulukazi isayensi yezinkanyezi, zabekela inselele incazelo yezimfundiso zangaleso sikhathi, zadala ukungezwani phakathi kwesayensi nokholo.
Isayensi kanye Nesimo Somuntu
Njengoba isayensi yanda, kwaqala ukuvela imibuzo mayelana nendima yesintu endaweni yonke. Izazi zefilosofi ezifana no -Immanuel Kant zazicabanga ngokuzimela komuntu nokuthi ukucabanga kungaqondisa kanjani ukuziphatha ezweni elishintshayo.
Ifa le-Scientific Revolution likhulu futhi lihlanganisa imikhakha eminingi. Kusukela ku-physics kuya ku-biology, yonke imikhakha iye yathonywa izinguquko endleleni yesayensi.
Uguquko emcabangweni wesayensi luveze igagasi lokusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe eliye lahlukanisa isintu emakhulwini eminyaka amuva nje. Ukusungulwa kwenjini yomusi kwaguqula imboni, kanti intuthuko kwezokwelapha isivumele ukuba sandise impilo futhi sithuthukise ikhwalithi yempilo.
Isayensi Nezepolitiki
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNguquko Yesayensi yavula indlela yobudlelwano obuseduze phakathi kwesayensi nezepolitiki. Izinqumo zezepolitiki zaqala ukuthembela kakhulu ebufakazini besayensi, okwaphawula isinyathelo esiya ekubuseni okunolwazi.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kwemfundo Yesayensi
Ukusungulwa kwamanyuvesi ocwaningo kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwesayensi kukharikhulamu yezemfundo kwaba yimiphumela eqondile yalesi sikhathi. Isayensi yasuka ekubeni isizinda esikhethekile sabambalwa yaba insika yohlelo lwemfundo yomhlaba wonke.
Inguquko Yesayensi ayigcinanga nje ngokuguqula ukuqonda kwethu umhlaba, kodwa futhi yabeka isisekelo sezinye izinguquko emikhakheni eyahlukene, kusukela kwezobuchwepheshe kuya kwifilosofi. Lesi sikhathi, esiphawulwe yizinselele kanye nempumelelo yaso, siyaqhubeka nokuba uphawu lwamandla abantu okuthuthukisa ulwazi kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha . Inguquko Yesayensi, ngaphandle kokungabaza, iyingqophamlando ekufuneni ulwazi nokuqonda indawo yonke esihlala kuyo, isungula isisekelo somfutho ofanele wentuthuko yabantu.