- Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezibalo, isayensi yamakhompyutha kanye ne-biology ukuze kuboniswe umsebenzi wobuchopho ngokusebenzisa ukulingisa kwe-silico.
- Ukusetshenziswa ekwelapheni izifo ze-neurodegenerative kanye nokwenza ngcono ikhono lomuntu lokuqonda.
- Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokuxhumana kobuchopho nomshini kanye nezinqubo zokuguqula imizwa ezingangenisi uhlaselo ukuze kuthuthukiswe impilo yengqondo.
Uma wake wamangala ngendlela ubuchopho obusebenza ngayo ngempela, awuwedwa. Sikhuluma ngesitho esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu emzimbeni, inethiwekhi enkulu yama-neuron angaba yizigidigidi ezingu-86.000 axhumanayo ngokusebenzisa ama-synapses ukuze sikwazi ukuzwa, ukukhumbula, noma ukumane sinqume ukuthi sizodlani isidlo sakusihlwa. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka lokhu kube yimfihlakalo ephelele, kodwa manje, ngenxa yejubane elimangalisayo emandleni okusebenzisa ikhompyutha, i-neuroscience yokubala iye yavela ukuzama ukulinganisa yonke le nqubo eyinkimbinkimbi.
Empeleni, lo mkhakha uyindawo lapho kuhlangana khona i-biology, izibalo, kanye nesayensi yekhompyutha. Umgomo akukhona nje ukubuka ubuchopho kodwa ukudala amamodeli ezibalo alingisa ukuziphatha kwabo. Ngakho-ke, esikhundleni sokuchaza nje lokho esikubonayo kusithwebuli, singazama endaweni yedijithali, sihlole imibono, futhi siqonde "isizathu" ngemuva kwezinqubo zengqondo, sivule umnyango wenguquko kwezokwelapha kanye nobuchwepheshe obubonakala njengenganekwane yesayensi eminyakeni embalwa edlule.
Izimpande kanye nokuvela kwensimu
Nakuba kungase kubonakale njengomqondo wesimanje kakhulu, lokhu kwaqala ukuvela kudala. Leli gama lathandwa cishe ngo-1985, ngenxa ka-Eric L. Schwartz, ukuze kuhlanganiswe imiqondo eyayingafani ngaphambili njengokumodela kwemizwa kanye nethiyori yobuchopho. Kodwa uma sihlola ngokujulile, sithola amaphayona anjengoHodgkin noHuxley, abathuthukisa imodeli yokuqala yezibalo yamandla esenzo, noma uDavid Marr, owagxila endleleni amaqembu ama-neurons enqubweni ye-hippocampus futhi adlulise ngayo ulwazi.
Ngokungafani nokufunda komshini okuvamile, ngezinye izikhathi okufana "nebhokisi elimnyama," i-computational neuroscience ilwela ukuba ngokoqobo ngokwezinto eziphilayo . Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi uhlelo lusebenza, kodwa futhi lulingisa i-physiology yangempela, kusukela kumaza e-membrane kuya ekunyakazeni kwamanethiwekhi aphelele, okuvumela imiphumela ukuthi ihlolwe emalabhorethri angempela.
Usebenza kanjani elabhorethri?
Ukuze sikunike umbono, inqubo ivame ukuqala ngokulinganisa umsebenzi wobuchopho ngokwesayensi kusetshenziswa amathuluzi anjenge-electroencephalography (EEG) noma i-magnetoencephalography (MEG). Ngale datha, ososayensi badala ukulingisa, kungaba ngokusebenzisa amanethiwekhi e-spiking (alingisa ama-electrical impulses) noma amamodeli e-neuronal mass. Isibonelo esicacile yi-FNS simulator, evumela ukuthi lokhu kulingisa kwenziwe kahle.
Lawa mathuluzi afeza izinjongo eziningana eziyisisekelo:
- Ukufunda ngezifo: Inhloso ukuphinda ukhiqize indlela ukuxhumana okuwohloka ngayo ku-Alzheimer's noma i-epilepsy ukuze sibone ukuthi, ngokushintsha ipharamitha ethile yezibalo, singenza ubuchopho obunesifo busebenze njengobuphilile futhi.
- Ukuklama izindlela zokwelapha: Izindlela zokuvuselela ugesi ezingangenisi ugesi, njenge-tACS, ziyahlolwa ukuze kulungiswe ukuvumelanisa phakathi kwezindawo ezahlukene zobuchopho ngaphandle kokuvula ugebhezi.
- Ubunjiniyela obuphefumulelwe ubuchopho: Amasu okucubungula ubuchopho asetshenziswa ukuxazulula izinkinga zobunjiniyela eziyinkimbinkimbi, okudala izinhlelo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu.
Umngcele wobuhlakani nokuqonda
Kukhona uchungechunge oluthakazelisayo locwaningo olugxile ekuhlakanipheni okuvamile (g). Umqondo uwukuqonda ukuthi yini eyenza abanye abantu babe nekhono elikhulu lokuqondisa ingqondo kunabanye. Ukuze kwenziwe lokhu, idatha evela ku-magnetic resonance imaging, i-genomics, kanye ne-proteomics ihlanganiswa ukuze yondliwe kumamodeli e-silico asiza ukuklama ukwelashwa kwe-neuromodulation okwenzelwe wena.
Kulokhu, kuye kwavela izakhiwo ezifana ne-OAGI (Ontogenetic Architecture of General Intelligence), esebenzisa i-Hypertemporal Synchronization Module. Lolu hlelo luzama ukuxazulula "inkinga yokubopha" edumile, okungukuthi, indlela ubuchopho obuhlanganisa ngayo imibono ehlukene ibe yinto eyodwa ehambisanayo, kusetshenziswa ukuzulazula kwemizwa okuvumelanisiwe.
Ubuchwepheshe obuphazamisayo kanye nokuqhubekela phambili esikhathini esizayo
Esinye sezihloko ezishisa kakhulu yi-brain-machine interfaces (BCIs). Izinhlelo sezikhona kakade ezivumela abantu abakhubazekile ukulawula izitho zokufakelwa zamarobhothi noma ukubhala imicabango esikrinini ngokuhumusha umsebenzi kagesi wobuchopho. Nakuba kunezinketho zokuhlasela ezifana ne-Neuralink, kukhona ukusunduza okunamandla ekuvuseleleni kwangaphandle, okungahlaseli , okufuna ukusebenza okufanayo kodwa ngaphandle kwezingozi zokuhlinzwa.
Emkhakheni wezemfundo, kuvela izinhlelo zokufunda eziguquguqukayo ezihlaziya indlela ubuchopho bomfundi ngamunye obucubungula ngayo ulwazi ukuze kulungiswe okuqukethwe ngesikhathi sangempela . Kodwa-ke, le ndlela ayinazo izinkinga zayo. Amathuba okwenza ukwazi kube yidijithali noma ubumfihlo bemicabango yethu aphakamisa imibuzo ejulile yokuziphatha mayelana nobunikazi bomuntu kanye nokuphepha kwedatha yethu yengqondo.
Izinselele zobuchwepheshe kanye nemibono
Naphezu kwentuthuko, sisesezigabeni zokuqala kakhulu. Ubuchopho bunama-neuron ayizigidigidi ezingu-86.000, futhi amamodeli amanje aphatha izinkulungwane ezimbalwa kuphela. Ukuze senze igxathu elikhulu elilandelayo, cishe sizodinga i-quantum computing , engasivumela ukuthi sicubungule imiqulu emikhulu yedatha engadlula noma iyiphi i-supercomputer okwamanje. Amaphrojekthi afana ne-Human Brain Project kanye ne-BRAIN Initiative e-United States asevele ebeka isisekelo sokuthi ekugcineni sakhe "amawele edijithali" obuchopho bomuntu.
Ikhono lokuhlanganisa izibalo ezithuthukisiwe ne-biology lisivumela ukuthi sisuke ekuchazeni izimpawu nje siye ekuchazeni ngempela izindlela zobuchopho. Kusukela ekuqondeni ama-synapses ezikalini ze-millisecond kuya ekudaleni i-AI efana neyomuntu, ukuhlangana kwekhompyutha kanye ne-neuroscience kuyisihluthulelo sokuvula amandla obuhlakani kanye nokwelapha izifo ezazibhekwa njengezingenakulungiseka ngaphambili.