- Amadolobha ahlakaniphile ahlanganisa ingqalasizinda ebonakalayo, ubuchwepheshe bedijithali obuthuthukisiwe, kanye nemali yabantu kanye neyomphakathi ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphila kanye nokusimama kwamadolobha.
- Amanethiwekhi ezinzwa, i-big data kanye namawele edijithali avumela ukuphathwa kahle kwamandla, ukuhamba, amanzi kanye nemfucuza, okusekela izinqumo zasemadolobheni eziqhutshwa idatha.
- ISpain kanye ne-European Union bakhuthaza izinhlelo ezithile, iziphakamiso kanye namathuluzi okuxhasa amaphrojekthi ahlakaniphile nokudala izimiso zemvelo ezisebenzisanayo phakathi kwamadolobha, izinkampani kanye nezakhamuzi.
- Ikusasa lamadolobha ahlakaniphile lilele ekulinganiseni ukusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, ukubamba iqhaza kwezakhamuzi kanye nobulungiswa bezenhlalo, ukugwema ukuncika kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokubeka phambili intuthuko ebandakanya wonke umuntu.
I-Las amadolobha ahlakaniphile Sezibe ngomunye wemibono ebalulekile uma sikhuluma ngendlela esizophila ngayo emashumini eminyaka ezayo. Kunokuba zibe nje isiqubulo sokumaketha, zihlanganisa ubuchwepheshe, ukuhlela amadolobha, kanye nezinhlobo ezintsha zokubusa ukuze zenze izikhungo zasemadolobheni zibe ezizinzile, ezisebenza kahle, futhi ezijabulisayo kubantu abahlala kuzo.
Empeleni, idolobha elihlakaniphile liyidolobha elisebenzisa isebenzisa idatha, izinzwa kanye nengqalasizinda yedijithali ukwenza izinqumo ezingcono: kusukela nini ukuvula izibani zomgwaqo kuya endleleni yokuhlela kabusha imizila yamabhasi noma ukuthi ungazibeka kuphi izindawo zokushaja izimoto zikagesi. Konke lokhu, ngaphandle kokukhohlwa indima ebalulekile yomsebenzi wabantu, ubumbano lomphakathi, kanye nemvelo, ngoba uma kukhona izintambo nezikrini kuphela, kodwa kungathuthukisi izimpilo zabantu, asibheki ngempela idolobha elihlakaniphile.
Iyini ngempela idolobha elihlakaniphile futhi lo mqondo uvelaphi?
Leli gama idolobha elihlakaniphile Kubonakala sengathi ichaza izindawo zasemadolobheni lapho ingqalasizinda ebonakalayo (ezokuthutha, amandla, amanzi, izakhiwo) ihlanganiswa nengqalasizinda yedijithali ethuthukisiwe (amanethiwekhi okuxhumana, izinzwa, amapulatifomu edatha) kanye nemali eqinile yezenhlalo neyezemvelo. Umqondo uwukuthi idolobha lisebenza cishe njengendawo enkulu yezemvelo, lapho zonke izinhlelo ezincane zixhumene khona futhi zingathuthukiswa ngolwazi.
EYurophu, izikhungo ezifana ne- I-European Union, i-IDB, i-OECD noma i-Eurostat Bebelokhu bewulungisa lo mqondo ukuze bawuhlukanise namagama amadala anjengokuthi “idolobha ledijithali” noma “idolobha elihleliwe.” Akukhona nje ukuba ne-fiber optics noma i-Wi-Fi yonke indawo, kodwa mayelana nokuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe nezinqubomgomo zasemadolobheni ezinciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi, zithuthukise ikhwalithi yomoya, zikhuthaze ukusungula izinto ezintsha, futhi zikhuthaze ukuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi ekwenzeni izinqumo.
Ababhali abanjengoRudolf Giffinger baphakamisa ukuthi idolobha libhekwa njengelihlakaniphile uma liphumelela kakhulu ezicini eziyisithupha ezinkulu: umnotho, ukuhambahamba, indawo ezungezile, inani labantu, indlela yokuphila kanye nokubusaUbukhulu ngabunye buhlobene nemibono yakudala ngokuncintisana kwesifunda, ezokuthutha, imali yabantu kanye neyomphakathi, ikhwalithi yokuphila, kanye nokubamba iqhaza kwentando yeningi.
Abanye ochwepheshe, njengoJean Bouinot noma uFadela Amara, bagxila emandleni ala madolobha okusebenza. ukuheha nokugcina ithalente elifaneleke kakhuluUkwenza izinsizakalo zomphakathi zibe zedijithali, ukudala amathuba emisebenzi asezingeni eliphezulu kanye nokuhlinzeka ngengqalasizinda yezokuthutha esebenza kahle, impilo eqinile kanye nemfundo, kanye nezimo ezinhle zokuzilibazisa kanye nezindlu.
Ngombono osebenzayo, idolobha elihlakaniphile livame ukuchazwa njengedolobha elinomqondo ocacile. iphatha kahle izinsiza kanye namandla Ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphila kanye nemvelo ngokuhlanganisa izici zobuchwepheshe, zenhlalo, zezombusazwe, kanye nezokusebenza. Okubalulekile: ilebula "elihlakaniphile" aliguquki; lidinga ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo, ukuvuselela izixazululo zobuchwepheshe kanye namamodeli okuphatha, ngaphandle komgomo wokugcina oqondile.
Izinsika eziyisisekelo zedolobha elihlakaniphile: ubuchwepheshe, abantu kanye nemvelo
Enye yezinto ezingaqondani kahle kakhulu ukucabanga ukuthi idolobha elihlakaniphile lakhiwa kuphela izinzwa, idatha enkulu kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwaIngqalasizinda ye-ICT iyisisekelo (i-fiber optics, i-5G, amanethiwekhi edatha, izinsizakalo zamafu, amapulatifomu kahulumeni we-e), kodwa ngokwayo ayenzi idolobha libe elihlakaniphile.
Izincazelo eziphelele kakhulu zigcizelela indima ye ingcebo yabantu kanye nezenhlaloImfundo, ukuqeqeshwa, amandla okusungula izinto ezintsha, kanye namanethiwekhi okubambisana phakathi kwezakhamuzi, amabhizinisi, amanyuvesi, kanye nezinhlangano zikahulumeni kubalulekile. Izifundo zibonisa ukuthi amadolobha anamaphesenti aphezulu abasebenzi abanamakhono yiwona akhula ngokushesha futhi ajwayeleke kangcono ezinseleleni zomnotho nezobuchwepheshe.
Enye insika yi- imvelo yasemadolobheniIdolobha elihlakaniphile lihlukile ngokusobala edolobheni eliminyene nelingcolile eliphoqa abantu ukuba balahlekelwe amahora amaningi ezimotweni futhi babhekane namazinga aphezulu omsindo nokungcoliswa komoya. Lapha, izinqubomgomo zokusebenzisa kahle amandla, ukukhuthazwa kwamandla avuselelekayo, ukuphathwa kwamanzi okuthuthukisiwe, kanye nokunciphisa imfucuza kuyasetshenziswa, kanye nokuhlelwa kwedolobha okubeka phambili izindawo eziluhlaza, ukuhamba okusimeme, kanye izakhiwo ezisimeme.
Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka, i-IATE kanye neminye imizamo yaseYurophu ibeke imigomo efana nalokhu ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa ngamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-20.Khulisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla avuselelekayo ngo-20% futhi uthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwamandla ekusetshenzisweni kokugcina ngo-20%, usebenzisa u-2010 njengesisekelo. Lezi zibalo zisebenza njengomhlahlandlela wokuvumelanisa amaphrojekthi edolobha elihlakaniphile ne-European Green Deal kanye namanye amasu esimo sezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amamodeli afana ne- umnotho oyindilinga ukunciphisa imfucuza nokuvala imijikelezo yezinto ezibonakalayo.
Okokugcina, idolobha elihlakaniphile lifuna ibhalansi phakathi kwezintshisekelo zezomnotho, zezikhungo, kanye nezezakhamuzi, likhuthaza ukubusa okuvulekile, okusobala nokubandakanya abantulapho idatha namathuluzi edijithali kusetshenziswa khona ukuze kuxoxwe ngezakhamuzi, hhayi nje kuphela ukusebenza kahle kokuphatha.
Ubudlelwano obusebenzisanayo, ukuqapha isikhala kanye nezindlela ezintsha zokubambisana
Ucwaningo olwenziwe eFrance yiMarkess International ngo-2012 ezinhlanganweni zasendaweni ezingu-130 luthole izici ezintathu ezibalulekile zale nkampani. amadolobha nezindawo ezihlakaniphile ezisasebenza ngokugcwele.
Owokuqala yi- ubudlelwano obusebenzisanayo nobeselula phakathi kwabasebenzisiIzakhamuzi zingabathengi abakhulu nabakhiqizi bolwazi: zibheka idatha mayelana nethrafikhi, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, izinsizakalo zomphakathi, kanye nemicimbi, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo zikhiqiza okuqukethwe ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, kumabhulogi, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zikamasipala. Lolu hlaka lomphakathi luhlanganisa imibono, ukuhlolwa, kanye nolwazi olwabiwe ngendlela efana ne-Wikipedia, futhi lukhuthaza ukubambisana ekuphathweni kwezinsizakalo.
Isici sesibili yi- ukuqapha okwenziwe kahle kwendawo yasemadolobheni ngokusebenzisa izikhungo zokulawula ezixhumanisa izinto, izinzwa, kanye nabalingisi ngamanethiwekhi okuxhumana ngocingo anamandla aphezulu. Ngenxa yenethiwekhi ehlukahlukene yezinzwa nama-node esevisi, ulwazi luyaqoqwa futhi lusatshalaliswe ngesikhathi sangempela, okwenza kube lula ukubusa, ukuhlaziywa kwezimo ezibucayi, ukuzivumelanisa nezinsiza nezidingo, kanye nokulawulwa kwesabelomali ukuze kutholakale ukusebenza kahle.
Isici sesithathu sikhomba ku- ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo ezintsha zokubambisana vele amamodeli we ukubusa okushaAmadolobha ahlakaniphile akhuthaza amaphrojekthi emikhakha eyahlukene anqoba ukuqina kokuphatha kwendabuko, okudala ubudlelwano phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni (wendawo, wesifunda, wesizwe, ngisho nowamazwe ngamazwe) kanye nabalingisi abazimele (ama-telecom, izinkampani zamandla, izinkampani zezokuthutha, izinkampani zobuchwepheshe, izinkampani zokwakha, ama-SME, izinhlangano zabathengi). Lokhu kubambisana kuvula umnyango wamamodeli afana nokwabelana ngezinsizakalo kanye nezinto ezintsha ezingeke zivele ezindaweni ezizimele.
Uma ubheka isithombe sonke, idolobha lihlakaniphe ngempela uma ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezenhlalo, izinsiza zabantu, ezokuxhumana kanye nengqalasizinda Zihambisana nentuthuko yezomnotho esimeme kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zemvelo ngendlela efanele, kanye nokubamba iqhaza okuqinile kwezakhamuzi kulo lonke inqubo.
Ubukhulu obuyinhloko: umnotho, ukuhambahamba, imvelo kanye nempilo yasemadolobheni
Ngemva kwesiphakamiso sikaGiffinger, ubukhulu obuyisithupha Amathuluzi asivumela ukuthi sihlukanise futhi siqhathanise amadolobha ahlakaniphile ayikhampasi enhle yokuqonda ukuthi kungani amanye amadolobha ethuthuka ngokushesha kunamanye.
Emkhakheni we umnothoIdolobha elihlakaniphile ligxile emikhakheni enolwazi oluningi, izimboni zokudala, kanye nobuchwepheshe obuphezulu. Kukhuthazwa ama-clusters namapaki ebhizinisi anezinsizakalo ezithuthukisiwe, njengezindawo ezihlakaniphile eKochi, eMalta, naseDubai, ezenzelwe ukuheha utshalomali kanye nezinkampani zomhlaba wonke.
La ukuhamba Lena enye indawo ebalulekile: izinhlelo zokuthutha ezihlakaniphile, ukuphathwa kwethrafikhi okuguquguqukayo, ukuhlanganiswa kwezimoto zikagesi, amapulatifomu okuhamba ngokuhlanganyela, ukukhokhiswa kwentela okuguquguqukayo lapho kudingeka, kanye nezinqubomgomo zokunciphisa ukuminyana kwezimoto (izimoto ezizungezayo zifuna indawo yokupaka). Konke lokhu kunegalelo ohambweni olusheshayo, ukungcola okuncane, nomsindo omncane, okuhambisana nezilinganiso ze imfundo ye-vial ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha kanye nokuhlala ndawonye emigwaqweni yomphakathi.
El imvelo Lokhu kuqiniswa amaphrojekthi okulinganisa nokulawula ukungcola (i-CO2, i-ozone, umsindo, ikhwalithi yamanzi), ukuphathwa kwemfucuza okuthuthukisiwe, kanye nokukhanyisa komphakathi okusebenzayo. Izinhlelo ezifana ne-SmartSantander noma amaphrojekthi omgwaqo afakwe izinzwa e-Ohio zibonisa ukuthi inethiwekhi yezinzwa yesikhathi sangempela ivumela kanjani ukudalwa kwamamephu ashukumisayo ukuze kwenziwe izinqumo ezinolwazi olungcono.
Ensimini ye izakhamuzi nendlela yokuphilaUbumbano lomphakathi, ukuphepha, ikhwalithi yezinsizakalo zezempilo nezemfundo, kanye nekhono lezakhamuzi lokubamba iqhaza empilweni yomphakathi konke kuyaziswa. Kuphinde kuqashelwe... ukusebenza kahle kwamandla ezindlini kanye nasezakhiweni zomphakathi ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko futhi kuthuthukiswe induduzo yabahlali. Izifundo ezifana ne-IESE Cities in Motion Index zifaka phakathi ubukhulu obufana nezimali zabantu, ukubusa, ukuhlela amadolobha, ukubikezela kwamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nezomnotho, okudala isithombe esiphelele "sobunhloli" basemadolobheni.
Ubuchwepheshe namanethiwekhi ezinzwa asebenzela idolobha
Ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe, idolobha elihlakaniphile liyi- uhlelo oluzinzile oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhululapho kuxhunyaniswa khona izinhlelo eziningi ezincane (amandla, amanzi, ezokuthutha, ezokuphepha, imfucuza, izinsizakalo zomphakathi). Enye yezingxenye zobuchwepheshe ezifanele kakhulu yi- inethiwekhi yenzwa engenantambo noma inethiwekhi yabathumbi.
Lawa manethiwekhi asebenzisa izinkulungwane zamadivayisi Balinganisa amapharamitha ngesikhathi sangempela: ikhwalithi yomoya, amazinga omsindo, imisebe, umswakama, ukuhlala endaweni yokupaka, isimo sezitsha zikadoti, ukuba khona kokuvuza kwamanzi, ithrafikhi emigwaqweni nasemigwaqweni emikhulu, ngisho nezinto eziguquguqukayo ezihlobene nokuphepha kwezakhamuzi noma izimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu.
Ngale mininingwane kungenzeka, isibonelo, lungisa ukuchelela kwepaki Kuye ngesidingo sangempela, ukuqina kokukhanya kungalungiswa, imizila yokuqoqwa kwemfucuza ilungiswe, noma izimali zokupaka zilawulwe ukuze kuncishiswe ukuminyana. Kuzakhamuzi, izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula zibavumela ukuthi bathole izexwayiso lapho ikhwalithi yomoya iwohloka, bazi isikhathi sangempela sokufika kwezokuthutha zomphakathi, noma bathole izindawo zokupaka eziseduze.
Indaba ye-SmartSantander, enama-sensor angaphezu kwenkulungwane asetshenzisiwe, ivame ukucashunwa njengesibonelo sendlela idolobha eliphakathi nendawo elingaba ngayo ilebhu yokusungula izinto ezintsha emadolobheniizixazululo zokuhlola ezingabe sezikhuliswa kwamanye amadolobha.
Kodwa-ke, ukwamukelwa kabanzi kwalezi zobuchwepheshe akuzona izinselele zako. izingozi kanye nokugxekwaKusukela ekuthembeleni okungenzeka ezixazululweni "ezivulekile" ezivela kubahlinzeki abakhulu bomhlaba wonke kuya ekukhathazekeni mayelana nobumfihlo, ukuphepha kwedatha, noma ukuntuleka kokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezithile zendawo.
Ukubusa, idatha kanye nezinqubomgomo zomphakathi emadolobheni ahlakaniphile
Umehluko omkhulu ulele endleleni idatha ekhiqizwa yizo zonke lezi zinhlelo esetshenziswa ngayo. Ukuqoqa ulwazi nje akwanele: kubalulekile ukuyifaka ekuhleleni amadolobha kanye nokuphathwa kwansuku zonke kwezinsizakalo zomphakathi. Izinhlangano ezifana ne-OECD kanye ne-Eurostat, ngokusebenzisa i-Oslo Manual kanye nezinye izinhlaka zezinkomba, zithuthukise amathuluzi okulinganisa ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokusebenza kwasemadolobheni, zisekela ucwaningo kanye nokwenza izinqumo ezisekelwe ebufakazini.
Esikalini sendawo nesesifunda, kuyabonakala ukuthi ingqalasizinda yezokuxhumana Isebenza njengebhuloho eliya emiphumeleni engcono yezomnotho neyezenhlalo, kodwa kuphela uma ihlanganiswa namandla okuphatha kanye nombono wamasu. Yingakho ingxoxo evame ukuxoxwa ngokuhlela okuhlakaniphile kwasemadolobheni nasezifundeni kanye nokuphathwa kokusungula izinto ezintsha isetshenziswa emadolobheni.
Kulesi simo, kuye kwavela izinhlelo eziningi: izinkundla namaphrojekthi aphesheya, njenge-Intelligent Community Forum, amaphrojekthi ocwaningo lwaseyunivesithi (i-MIT Smart Cities, i-URENIO eThessaloniki), amapulatifomu okushintshisana ngolwazi kanye nezingqungquthela zamazwe ngamazwe njenge-Smart City Expo World Congress eBarcelona noma i-Metropolitan Solutions eBerlin.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinkampani ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe (i-IBM, i-Siemens, i-Oracle, i-Schneider Electric, phakathi kwezinye) kanye nezinkampani ezigxile ezixazululweni zasemadolobheni zinikeza amapulatifomu e- phatha konke ngendlela "ehlakaniphile"Kusukela emandleni nakwezokuphepha kuya kwezokuthutha kanye nohulumeni we-e, lokhu kuvula amathuba kodwa futhi kuvuselela impikiswano mayelana nokuthengiswa kwesikhala sasemadolobheni kanye nokuthembela kwezobuchwepheshe.
Ukugxekwa okuvame ukucashunwa kuxwayisa ngengozi yokubeka phambili izintshisekelo zebhizinisi ezinkulu, ukunganaki amamodeli ahlukile okuthuthukiswa kwedolobha ezigcizelela kakhulu ubulungiswa bezenhlalo, ukubamba iqhaza kwabantu abavamile, noma ukuqina komphakathi isikhathi eside.
Izibonelo zomhlaba wonke zamadolobha ahlakaniphile namaphrojekthi amahle kakhulu
Imephu yomhlaba wonke yamadolobha ahlakaniphile iya ngokuya ibanzi futhi ihlukahlukene. EMpumalanga Ephakathi, I-Masdar e-Abu Dhabi Icatshangwa njengedolobha elinokuhlola imvelo, elisebenzisa kahle amandla, kuyilapho kumaphrojekthi e-United Arab Emirates afana neDubai Smart City kanye neDubai Internet City ekhushuliwe, asebenza njengezindawo zamahhala zobuchwepheshe zezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe emkhakheni wedijithali.
EYurophu, indawo yedolobha elikhulu lase Lyon Ikhuthaza isu ledolobha elihlakaniphile elihlobene nentuthuko yezomnotho; i-Amsterdam ithuthukisa amaphrojekthi amaningi ngaphansi kophawu lwe-Amsterdam Smart City, ngokubambisana namanyuvesi afana neWageningen kanye ne-MIT; kanti amadolobha afana ne-Angoulême, iBesançon, iVigo noma i-Issy-les-Moulineaux azama amanethiwekhi ahlakaniphile asedolobheni agxile emandleni, ekuphathweni kwezinsizakalo kanye nokubamba iqhaza.
Ezinye izibonelo yilezi Ikhampasi yeNyuvesi yaseLille njengelebhu yegridi ehlakaniphile, iCairo Smart Village eGibhithe, noma izinhlelo zikahulumeni we-e-government ezifana ne-Edinburgh, ezigxile ekwenzeni izinsizakalo zomphakathi zedijithali zibe zesimanje ngokubambisana nabahlinzeki bomhlaba wonke.
Ngaphandle kweYurophu, amaphrojekthi aphawulekayo afaka phakathi iKochi Smart City eNdiya, iMalta Smart City njengesikhungo sebhizinisi, kanye neYokohama Smart City Project eJapan, okuhloswe ngayo ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 ngengqalasizinda entsha yamandla. ELatin America, amadolobha afana neMedellín, iCuritiba, iBuenos Aires, iSantiago, neGuadalajara athuthuke kakhulu. Ukuhamba okuhlakaniphile, ukuphepha kanye nedatha yasemadolobheni, ngokusekelwa okuvela ezinhlanganweni ezifana ne-IDB kanye nezikhungo ze-Ibero-American zokuthuthukiswa kwedolobha okunesu.
Ngaphezu kwamaphrojekthi athile asedolobheni, kukhona iqembu elikhulu lezinto imicimbi, imibukiso yezohwebo kanye nemiphakathi yobungcweti ezisekela lolu hlelo: izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe zabahleli basemadolobheni, amanethiwekhi ohulumeni basekhaya ukuze kusimame (i-ICLEI), izinhlelo zeZizwe Ezihlangene ezifana ne-UN-Habitat, amajenali akhethekile kanye namaqembu asebenzayo anezihloko mayelana nokuhamba, amandla, ukuhlela kanye nokuphathwa kwedijithali.
ISpain njengomholi emadolobheni ahlakaniphile: izinhlelo, uxhaso kanye namacala athile
ISpain iye yawamukela ngokuqinile umqondo wamadolobha ahlakaniphile, kwaze kwaba sezingeni lokuba yi- Umholi waseYurophu ekuhambeleni okusimeme emadolobheni kanye nokuphathwa kwedijithaliUhlelo Lukazwelonke Lwezindawo Ezihlakaniphile, olukhuthazwa yiNgqongqoshe Wezokuguqulwa Kwedijithali kanye Nokuphathwa Komphakathi, luhlose ukuqinisa imboni yezobuchwepheshe bendawo kanye nokusiza omasipala ezinqubweni zabo zokuguqulwa.
Lolu hlelo luhlelwe ngezicelo eziningana zeziphakamiso eziphethwe yi-Red.es: eyodwa ucingo lokuqala lwe-Smart Cities ngo-2014, yanikezwa ama-euro ayizigidi ezingu-15 futhi yayihloswe komasipala abanabantu abangaphezu kuka-20.000 e-Andalusia, eCastilla-La Mancha nase-Extremadura; ucingo lwesibili ngo-2015 ngesabelomali sokuqala esingu-48 million, kamuva sandiswa saba yizigidi ezingu-63 futhi savulekela yonke imiphakathi ezimele; kanye ne- ucingo oluqondile lwe-Smart Islands, igxile ezindaweni zaseziqhingini ezifana neBalearic kanye neCanary Islands, ezinabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-19 sezizonke.
Amaphrojekthi axhaswe ngemali afaka phakathi amapulatifomu kahulumeni we-eIzinhlelo zokuphatha izimoto kanye namandla, amathuluzi okuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi, idatha evulekile, kanye nengqalasizinda ye-ICT ukuthuthukisa izinsizakalo ezifana nezokuthutha, ezokuvakasha, ezokuphepha, kanye nokuphathwa kwemvelo. Ukuxhasa ngezimali ngokubambisana ne-ERDF kanye neminikelo evela kuziphathimandla zendawo (phakathi kuka-30% no-40% ezimweni eziningi) kuye kwavumela ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu ezweni lonke.
Ngokuhambisanayo, i- Inethiwekhi YaseSpain Yamadolobha Ahlakaniphile Ihlanganisa ndawonye omasipala abaningi ababelana ngemikhuba emihle kakhulu, bathuthukise amaphrojekthi ahlangene, bahlele izingqungquthela, futhi bakhuthaze amazinga afanayo. Izinhlelo ezifana ne-"My Smart City," ezahamba emadolobheni angu-30 aseSpain ngemoto kagesi zihlaziya izinga lawo lokuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha ahlakaniphile, zisize ekugqamiseni lezi ntuthuko.
Ngokwemibandela yobuchwepheshe kuphela, izwe liphinde livelele ngokusetshenziswa kwalo kwe- amamitha kagesi ahlakaniphile yi-CFE eMexico (amadivayisi angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-7,5) kanye nezinhlelo ezivela ezinkampanini ezinikeza izixazululo zokupaka okuhlakaniphile, izinzwa zokugcwalisa izitsha noma amapulatifomu okuphatha amadolobha, okubonisa ukuthi indwangu yebhizinisi yase-Iberia naseLatin America isebenza kakhulu kulo mkhakha.
Amadolobha aseSpain avelele: iBarcelona, iMadrid, iValencia, iSeville neMalaga
Izilinganiso eziningana zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezifundo zomkhakha zibeka iSpain phakathi kwamazwe ane- ukuhamba kwabantu emadolobheni okuthuthukisiwe kanye nezokuthutha zomphakathiFuthi amanye amadolobha avelele ikakhulukazi ngamasu awo ahlakaniphile.
Barcelona Cishe yisibonelo esaziwa kakhulu: yaqanjwa ngokuthi idolobha elihlakaniphile elihamba phambili emhlabeni ngo-2015 yiJuniper Research futhi isingatha i-Smart City Expo World Congress minyaka yonke. Isu layo lihlanganisa inethiwekhi ebanzi yemizila yamabhayisikili, ezokuthutha zomphakathi ezinezimoto ezihlanganisiwe nezikagesi, ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwezindawo zokushaja, izinzwa zemvelo zokulinganisa umsindo, ukungcola, izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama, kanye nezinhlelo zokupaka ezihlakaniphile.
Idolobha liphinde lasebenzisa ukukhanya kwe-LED okusebenzisa amandla kahleIzinhlelo zokuqoqa imfucuza yomshini wokuhlanza ezinciphisa iphunga nomsindo, kanye nohlelo olukhulu lokuhamba emadolobheni oluqhubeka nokwethula izixazululo zokuhamba ezisebenzisa izimoto zikagesi kanye nokwabelana. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zokuhamba ezifana ne-Meep zisiza ukuhlanganisa izindlela ezahlukene zokuhamba endaweni eyodwa yedijithali yomsebenzisi.
MadridNgakolunye uhlangothi, iMadrid ivelele ngenqubo yayo yokulwa nokungcola, ukudalwa kwezindawo ezinomoya ongcolile ophansi njengeMadrid Distrito Centro, imikhumbi yamabhasi kagesi engu-100% emigqeni ethile, kanye nepulatifomu yesevisi yezakhamuzi evumela abasebenzisi ukubika izehlakalo ngesikhathi sangempela besebenzisa omakhalekhukhwini babo. Iphinde yenza intuthuko enkulu ku ukwenziwa kwedijithali kokuphatha kanye nokubamba iqhaza ngogesikwaze kwaba seqophelweni lokuthola ukuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke, isibonelo, yiZizwe Ezihlangene.
Valencia wenze ukubheja okuqinile ku hlanganisa ulwazi ndawonye futhi uvuleke Ikhiqizwe umkhandlu wedolobha kanye nezinhlelo ezisetshenziswa kulo lonke idolobha, inezibani ezihlakaniphile, izindlela zokulawula umsindo, izinzwa zemvelo, kanye nezimoto zokuhlanza ezihlonyiselwe ukwenza ngcono ukuqoqwa kwemfucuza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isingathe imihlangano ye-Spanish Network of Smart Cities, iqinisa indima yayo njengesikhungo esibalulekile eSpain.
Sevilla Isungule amaphrojekthi amasha ahlobene nokuphathwa kwemicimbi emikhulu, njengokulawula isixuku ngesikhathi seSonto Elingcwele kusetshenziswa amakhamera asezingeni eliphezulu, ama-algorithms obuhlakani bokwenziwa, i-GPS, kanye nezinhlelo zokukhanyisa ezilungisekayo. Idolobha lisebenza futhi ku Ukonga amandla ezakhiweni nasezindaweni zomphakathi kanye nokuguqulwa kwe-Isla de la Cartuja ibe yindawo evulekile, yedijithali, evuselelekayo nezimele ngo-2025.
Málaga Sekuyisilinganiso sokuhlanganisa amandla avuselelekayo kugridi yayo kagesi, ukwethula amamitha edijithali, nokufaka izibani ze-LED ekukhanyeni kwayo okuningi komphakathi. Ngenxa yalezi zinyathelo, ifinyelele ukwehla okukhulu kokusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokukhishwa kwe-CO2, ivumelana nezinhloso zedolobha elihlakaniphile zakudala zokusebenza kahle kanye nokusimama.
Imizamo ye-European Union: amawele edijithali, i-CitiVERSE kanye nezikhala zedatha
IKhomishini yaseYurophu iqinisa indima yayo ekusekeleni amadolobha nemiphakathi ehlakaniphile ngamathuluzi aphathekayo. Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu yi- Ithuluzi le-EU lamawele edijithali endawo, uhlobo lwebhokisi lezinsiza elingasetshenziswa kabusha elinezakhiwo zokubhekisela, amazinga avulekile kanye nezincazelo zobuchwepheshe ukuze amadolobha anoma yiluphi usayizi akwazi ukwakha amakhophi edijithali endawo yawo.
Lawa mawele edijithali avumela fanisa izimo zasemadolobheniYini ebingenzeka uma indlela izimoto ezihamba ngayo emgwaqweni othile ishintshwa, kwakhiwa indawo entsha, inethiwekhi yamabhasi ishintshwa, noma kusetshenziswa indawo ekhipha ukungcola okuncane? Ngenxa yobuhlakani bokwenziwa, amadolobha angalindela imiphumela emotweni, ukungcola, amandla, kanye nempilo yomphakathi, okunciphisa ingozi yezinqumo zokuhlela amadolobha ezingaphumeleli.
IKhomishini iphinde ikhuthaze insizakalo yokusekela ukuthengwa kwempahla yomphakathi Njengoba yenzelwe ngqo omasipala abasesigabeni sokuqala sokuguqulwa kwabo kwedijithali, lolu "hambo lwedolobha" luqondisa ohulumeni basekhaya ekuhloleni ukuvuthwa kwabo kwedijithali, ukuchaza uhlelo lokuguqulwa, kanye nokuthola izinsizakalo ezidingekayo zokwakha amapulatifomu edijithali kanye namawele edijithali esikhathi esizayo.
Omunye umugqa oyinhloko yi- Isikhala Sedatha SaseYurophu Samadolobha Nemiphakathi Ehlakaniphile Nesimemeokuhlose ukudala indawo esebenzisanayo nephephile lapho imikhakha yomphakathi neyangasese ingabelana khona ngedatha yasemadolobheni ehlukanisiwe njengamanje. Umqondo uwukwenza kube lula ukubambisana, ukuvumelanisa amazinga, kanye nokwenza kube lula izixazululo ezintsha ezigxile ekushintsheni okuluhlaza okubili kanye nokwedijithali.
Ukuze kuhlanganiswe futhi kukhuliswe la maphrojekthi asemazweni amaningi, i-EU iklame I-European Digital Infrastructure Consortium (EDIC)Lolu hlelo, oluzoxhumanisa amawele edijithali endawo kulo lonke elaseYurophu, luphatha ingqalasizinda yedijithali ehlanganyelwe, luphinde luphakamise indawo engokoqobo ebonakalayo neyandisiwe ukuze izakhamuzi nabahleli bahlole ikusasa lasemadolobheni ahlukene ngamehlo nangokubambisana.
Imiphakathi yaseYurophu, amanethiwekhi kanye nezinhlelo zamadolobha ahlakaniphile
Amathuluzi obuchwepheshe aseYurophu agcwaliswa uchungechunge lwe amanethiwekhi kanye nezinhlangano ezisebenzisanayoI-Smart Communities Network ihlanganisa izinhlangano ezimele amadolobha nomasipala abavela emazweni angamaLungu angu-27, ukusekela ikakhulukazi izindawo eziqala ukuguquka kwazo kwedijithali futhi ezidinga izinkomba nokusekelwa.
Ukunyakaza Ukuhlala e-EU Isebenza njengeplatifomu eholwa yidolobha lapho ohulumeni bendawo nabesifunda bebambisana khona ezinseleleni zomphakathi besebenzisa izixazululo zedijithali ezivulekile nezisebenzisanayo. Lo mphakathi ukhuthaza ukushintshana kwemikhuba emihle futhi usiza ukuvimbela umkhandlu ngamunye wedolobha ukuthi "uvuselele isondo" ngokwawo.
El Uhlelo lwe-Digital Europe (i-DIGITAL) Ihlinzeka ngezimali eziningi zalezi zinhlelo, yize izinsiza eziningi kumele zivela kwizabelomali zikazwelonke, izikhwama zokubambisana, noma i-Recovery and Resilience Facility. Lolu hlaka lwezezimali luyisihluthulelo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi amaphrojekthi okuhlola aba yizinqubomgomo ezinkulu futhi angahlali nje ekhombisa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-EU ikhuthaza izingqungquthela, amaqembu okusebenza kanye namaphrojekthi okubambisana kwamanye amazwe (njengamanye athuthukiswe ngaphansi kwesambulela se-Interreg) ahlola izihloko ezifana nokuhamba okuhlanzekile, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, ukumelana nesimo sezulu noma ukubandakanywa komphakathi ngokombono wedolobha elihlakaniphile.
Konke lokhu kudala uhlelo lwe-ecosystem lapho iziphathimandla zendawo, abacwaningi, amabhizinisi kanye nezakhamuzi Bangasebenzisana futhi badale izixazululo ngokubambisana, beqinisa umbono wokuthi idolobha elihlakaniphile alinqunywanga phezulu, kodwa lakhiwa yiwo wonke umuntu.
Izinselele, ukugxekwa kanye nekusasa lamadolobha ahlakaniphile
Naphezu kwentshiseko edalwe yilo mqondo, amadolobha ahlakaniphile abhekene ukugxekwa okukhulu kanye nezinseleleEsinye sezixwayiso eziyinhloko ukuthi ukukhangwa ubuchwepheshe obuphezulu kungaholela ekunganakwa kwezinye izindlela zokuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha ezilula kodwa ezisebenzayo, njengezinqubomgomo zezindlu ezingabizi, ukusekelwa kwamabhizinisi endawo, noma ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo zomphakathi ngaphandle kwesidingo sezinzwa kuzo zonke izingosi.
Okunye ukukhathazeka kugxile ku- imiphumela emibi engaba khona yokusebenzisa kakhulu ingqalasizinda yezobuchwepheshe Ukuxhumana ngaphandle kokuhlola kahle imiphumela yako kwezenhlalo, kwezomnotho, kanye nezemvelo. Ukuthembela kubahlinzeki abakhulu abathengisa amaphakheji avaliwe, "alungele ukusetshenziswa" kungadala izinkinga zokuhambisana, ukuntuleka kokulawula idatha yendawo, ngisho nokusabela komphakathi uma umphakathi ubona ukungena noma ukulahlekelwa ubumfihlo.
Ukugcizelelwa ngokweqile kwedolobha nakho kuyagxekwa. indawo yebhizinisilapho okubaluleke kakhulu kubonakala sengathi kudonsela ukutshalwa kwezimali nokuthuthukisa izinkomba zokuncintisana, ukwehlisela phansi izindaba zokulingana, ukuhlukahluka, noma ukuqina kwesikhathi eside. Amamodeli okuthuthukisa asekelwe emalini ehamba kakhulu angasebenza esikhathini esifushane kodwa akhiqize ubuthakathaka besakhiwo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukwanda kokubhekwa kwevidiyo, ukuqapha ukuhamba, kanye nokulinganisa okuqhubekayo kokuziphatha kwasemadolobheni kuphakamisa impikiswano ebucayi mayelana inkululeko yomphakathi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwedatha ngendlela efaneleYingakho ochwepheshe abaningi befuna izinhlaka zokuphathwa kwedatha ezicacile, ukucaca kwe-algorithmic, ukuhlolwa komthelela, kanye nokuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi kwangempela ekwakhiweni kwalezi zixazululo.
Noma kunjalo, lo mkhuba womhlaba wonke ubonisa ukuthi amadolobha azoqhubeka nokujulisa ukuhlanganiswa kwawo kwe-ICT, abasebenzi, kanye nokusimama kwemvelo ukuze kuxazululwe izinselele ezifana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukusabalala kwabantu emadolobheni, ukuguga kwabantu, kanye nokungalingani kwezenhlalo. Isihluthulelo kuzoba ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lobu buhlakani basemadolobheni buyaqhubeka. okubandakanya wonke umuntu, intando yeningi futhi egxile kubantufuthi hhayi kuphela ekusebenzeni kahle kobuchwepheshe noma ekuhlakanipheni kobuchwepheshe.
Uma sibheka ndawonye, amadolobha ahlakaniphile asevele akha uhlobo oluthile ilabhorethri yomhlaba wonke lapho kuhlolwa khona izindlela ezintsha zokubusa, ukuhambisa, ukukhiqiza nokuhlala ndawonye; inselele enkulu ukuthi konke lokhu kusetshenziswa kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha kuholela emadolobheni aphileka kalula, anobulungiswa futhi azinzile, akwazi ukuthuthukisa izimpilo zansuku zonke zalabo abahlala kuwo hhayi nje isithombe abasibonisa ezweni langaphandle.
