- Isingeniso ngesitayela se-APA 7 sinikeza inkinga, ukubaluleka kwayo, umongo wethiyori kanye nemibono ngaphandle kokusebenzisa isihloko esithi “Isingeniso”.
- Kumelwe kufake phakathi ukubuyekezwa okubucayi nokwenziwe ngezincwadi, kuqinisekiswe izinhloso kanye nemibono futhi kuboniswe ukuhambisana kwazo nomklamo wendlela yokusebenza.
- Ifomethi ye-APA 7 idinga amazinga acacile okwethula (ukuthayipha, ukufingqa, izihloko, izingcaphuno, kanye nezinkomba) kuso sonke isingeniso kanye nalo lonke iphepha.
- Ukusetshenziswa kolwazi ngendlela efanele, ukucashunwa okufanele embhalweni, kanye nokudalwa kwezinkomba ezinokwethenjelwa kuyizinto ezibalulekile ukuze kugwenywe ukukopisha.
Uma ucelwa ukuthi ubhale isingeniso nge Uhlelo lwesi-7 lwesitayela se-APAEmpeleni bacela okungaphezu nje kwesigaba sokuqala. Isingeniso siyisango lokungena emsebenzini wakho, indawo lapho uchaza khona ukuthi ucwaningo lwakho lumayelana nani, ukuthi kungani lubalulekile, nokuthi luya kuphi. Uma le ngxenye yehluleka, umfundi cishe uzolahlekelwa isithakazelo ngaphambi kokufinyelela kokuqukethwe okuyinhloko.
Ngaphezu kokufeza umsebenzi wayo wokuxhumana, isingeniso kumele sihloniphe ifomethi kanye nemithetho ehlelekile Iziqondiso zesitayela se-APA 7 zifaka: uhlobo lwefonti, imingcele, izinombolo zamakhasi, izihloko, izingcaphuno ezikumbhalo, kanye nokuvumelana nohlu lwezinkomba. Akukhona nje ukwenza umsebenzi "ubukeke umuhle," kodwa mayelana nokwenza kube lula ukufundeka, ukugwema ukukopisha, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi noma ubani angalandela impikiswano yakho futhi athole imithombo oyisebenzisile.
Kuyini isingeniso futhi iyini injongo yaso ngokusho kwe-APA 7
Kuncwadi yemiyalelo ka- American Psychological AssociationIsingeniso sicatshangwa njengokuqala komzimba wombhalo, lapho kuvezwa khona inkinga yocwaningo kanye nesu elisetshenziswayo ukuyixazulula. Yisigaba lapho umfundi kufanele aqonde khona ngokucacile amaphuzu ayinhloko. yini efundwayo, kungani ifundwa, nokuthi ucwaningo luhlelwe kanjaniAkuyona isandulela sezincwadi, kodwa yingxenye esebenzayo ngokugcwele yesihloko noma umsebenzi wezemfundo.
Isici esibaluleke kakhulu sesitayela se-APA 7 ukuthi Asikho isidingo sokufaka isihloko esithi “Isingeniso” Kulesi sigaba, isingeniso siqashelwa isikhundla saso ngokushesha ngemva kwesihloko somsebenzi, ngakho-ke kwanele ukubhala isihloko sombhalo ophakathi phezulu kwekhasi bese, ngezansi nje, uqala umbhalo wesingeniso.
Isingeniso esihle kulindeleke ukuthi sichaze izinto kafushane. ukubaluleka kwenkinga, umongo wethiyori kanye nowobufakazi, imibono kanye nezinhloso Okutholakele okuyinhloko nokwesibili, kanye nemiphumela yocwaningo, kuyethulwa. Nakuba ubude bungahluka kuye ngohlobo lomsebenzi, ngokuvamile kuthatha amakhasi ambalwa lapho imibuzo ebalulekile ngesihloko iphendulwa khona ngokucacile.
Ngokombono wesakhiwo sombhalo, isingeniso sivula umzimba oyinhloko womsebenzi Ibekwa ngemuva kwekhasi lesembozo, futhi uma kusebenza, isifinyezo. Ukusuka lapho, izigaba ezilandelayo (indlela, imiphumela, ingxoxo, njll.) zixhunywe ngaphandle kokuhlukana kwamakhasi okungadingekile, kugcinwa izinombolo zamakhasi eziqhubekayo kanye nesihloko esifanayo.
Imibuzo ebalulekile okumele iphendule isingeniso ku-APA 7
Indlela ewusizo yokuhlola ukuthi isingeniso sakho siyahlangabezana yini nezidingo indinganiso yekhwalithi ephakanyiswe yi-APA 7th edition Kuhilela ukuyibuyekeza ngochungechunge lwemibuzo eqondisayo. Umqondo uwukuthi, lapho eqeda lesi sigaba, umfundi ngeke asale nokungabaza okuyisisekelo mayelana nokuthi kungani isifundo salolu cwaningo nokuthi kungani.
Ngokuvamile, isingeniso esiklanywe kahle kufanele ukuphendula imibuzo ebalulekile njengalokhu okulandelayo, okuhlanganiswe nombhalo, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokukufaka ohlwini ngokucacile:
- Kungani inkinga ephenywayo ibalulekile? Lokhu kuchaza ukubaluleka kwesihloko ngokwemfundiso, kwezenhlalo, kobungcweti, noma okusebenzayo.
- Ucwaningo luxhumana kanjani nocwaningo lwangaphambilini? Ngamanye amazwi, lokho osekwaziwa kakade, yiziphi izikhala ezitholakele, nokuthi umsebenzi wakho wandisa, ulungisa, noma uthuthukisa kanjani lolo lwazi.
- Yiziphi izinhloso eziyinhloko kanye nezesibili kanye nemibono? Kufanele kucace ukuthi yini ofuna ukuyihlola noma ukuyihlola.
- Ucwaningo lusekelwe kuphi ngokwemfundiso? Kuhle ukukhuluma ngezinhlaka noma amamodeli othembele kuwo.
- Iyini imiphumela yemfundiso kanye neyokusebenza? Yini engatholakala emiphumeleni? Nakuba ingenazo imininingwane eminingi, kuyasiza ukuyichaza kabanzi.
Inselele isekuchazeni yonke le mibono amakhasi ambalwa acacile, aqondakalayo, futhi ahlelwe kahleEgwema kokubili imininingwane eyeqile kanye nokujwayelekile okungenamsebenzi, umfundi kufanele afike ekugcineni kwesingeniso enomuzwa wokuthi uyaqonda kahle ukuthi uzokwenzani, ukuthi kungani uzokwenza, nokuthi kungani umsebenzi wakho ufanele ukufundwa.
Ukubaluleka kwenkinga kanye nokufaneleka kocwaningo
Esinye sezigaba zokuqala zesingeniso kufanele sigxile ekwenzeni ukubaluleka kwenkinga yocwaningoAkwanele ukusho nje ukuthi isihloko siyafaneleka; lokhu kumele kuboniswe ngezimpikiswano, idatha, kanye nezinkomba ezifanele. Ocwaningweni oluyisisekelo, lokhu kufaneleka kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nesidingo sokucacisa imiphumela ephikisanayo yangaphambilini, ukwandisa imibono ekhona, noma ukuhlola izenzakalo ezingafundwanga kahle.
Emsebenzini osetshenziswayo noma wobungcweti, izizathu zingancika kakhulu ku- izinkinga zomphakathi, zemfundo, zempilo noma zenhlangano izibonelo ezithile. Isibonelo, ungagqamisa ukwanda kwezinkinga ezithile, izinguquko zomthetho, izidingo ohlelweni lwezemfundo noma lwezempilo, noma izidingo ezitholwe emaqenjini athile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyalulekwa ukuthi ukwenze kucace Yimiphi imibono emisha enikezwa yisifundo sakho?Lokhu kungaba yindlela ehlukile yokwenza izinto, isampula ehlukile, inhlanganisela entsha yezinto eziguquguqukayo, noma umongo wendawo ongakahlolwa kangako. Ngaphandle kwalo mnikelo ohlukile, umsebenzi wakho ungaba yingozi ebonakala sengathi "ungomunye nje kulesi sihloko," into ababuyekezi noma othisha abazoyibheka kabi.
Ukubuyekezwa okufushane kwezincwadi ezifanele
Ngemva kokuchaza ukubaluleka kwenkinga, isingeniso kufanele sifake ukuhlanganiswa okubucayi kwezincwadi zesayensi okubaluleke kakhulu. I-APA 7 isikisela ukugwema ukubuyekeza ngokuphelele zonke izifundo ezikhona nokugxila emisebenzini esiza ngempela ukuqonda inkinga kanye nokubeka ucwaningo lwakho esimweni.
Lokhu kuhilela ukukhetha nokuphawula ocwaningweni olufanele kakhulu, ukugqamisa Imiphumela eyinhloko, imikhawulo yezindlela, kanye neziphetho eziyinhlokoAkukhona ngokufaka izifundo ohlwini olulodwa emva kolunye ngaphandle kokuxhumana, kodwa ngokusungula umugqa wempikiswano osusa umfundi kulokho esikwaziyo kakade kuye kulokho okungakaxazululwa futhi oqinisekisa isifundo sakho.
Uma ufingqa izincwadi, kubalulekile ukugwema imininingwane eminingi mayelana nezinqubo zomsebenzi ngamunye, ngaphandle uma zihlobene ngqo nomklamo wakho. Kunalokho, kungcono ukugqamisa amaphethini okutholakele, ukungafani, izikhala zemfundiso, kanye nezinkinga zokulinganisa noma zokuthatha amasampula ukuthi uzithole emithonjeni ebonisiwe.
Uma kunezincwadi eziningi kakhulu ngale ndaba, kuyasiza ukubhekisela kumfundi. buyekeza izihloko, ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta, noma imibiko yokwenziwa ezinikeza umbono obanzi. Lokhu kuzokuvumela ukuthi ugxile kulezo zici ezixhumene ngempela nendlela yakho yokwenza izinto, ugweme ukubhala "incwadi encane" ngaphakathi kwesingeniso.
Iphuzu eliyisisekelo, elihlala lingaphansi kwesambulela se-APA 7, ukuthi yonke imibono, idatha noma amagama avela kweminye imithombo kumele ahambisane izingcaphuno ezibhalwe ngendlela efanele (umbhali/unyaka, kanye nekhasi noma isigaba uma kuyingcaphuno eqondile) kanye nezinkomba eziphelele kumele zifakwe ohlwini lokugcina. Noma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa kolwazi ngaphandle kokucashunwa kufana nokukopisha, okuvinjelwe ngokusobala yimithetho yezemfundo neyomthetho.
Incazelo kanye nezinhloso esethulweni i-APA 7
Uma isikhathi sifika, isingeniso kufanele siholele ngokwemvelo esitatimendeni sika izinhloso kanye nemibonoNgokuvamile zethulwa ekupheleni kwalesi sigaba, ngemva kokuba inkinga, umongo wethiyori, kanye nesizinda esisekelwe ebufakazini sekuchaziwe. Akunconywa ukuthi uzethule ngokuzumayo ngaphandle kokwakha kuqala uhlaka lomqondo oluzithethelelayo.
I-Los imigomo Bakha lokho ohlose ukukufeza ngocwaningo: kungaba okujwayelekile (okubanzi) nokuqondile (okuqondile kakhudlwana). Isibonelo, ungase ufune ukuhlaziya ubudlelwano phakathi kweziguquguquko ezimbili eqenjini elithile noma uchaze amaphethini okuziphatha kubantu abathile.
I-Las umqondoNgokuphambene nalokho, lezi yiziphakamiso ezibikezela imiphumela, ngokuvamile maqondana nobudlelwano phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo (ukubikezela, ukuhlangana, umehluko phakathi kwamaqembu, njll.). Kumelwe zicace, zivumelane nombono, futhi okuthathwe ngqo ekubuyekezweni kwezincwadiKunconywa futhi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemibono eyinhloko (leyo ebalulekile emgomweni wakho oyinhloko) kanye nemibono yesibili noma yokuhlola.
Ekubhaleni, ungafaka imishwana efana nokuthi "ucwaningo luhlose ukuwenza" nquma, hlaziya, qhathanisa noma uhlole isenzakalo, bese usho ngokucacile imicabango ezohlolwa. Ngale ndlela, umfundi uyazi kahle ukuthi yini ezoqinisekiswa kamuva ezigabeni zendlela nemiphumela.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-hypothesis kanye nomklamo wocwaningo
Esinye isici isitayela se-APA esisibheka njengesibalulekile, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi singanakwa, ukukhombisa ukuhambisana phakathi kwezinkolelo-mbono kanye nomklamo wendlela yokusebenzaNgamanye amazwi: kufanele kuphawuleke ukuthi indlela yakho yokuqoqa nokuhlaziya idatha inengqondo maqondana nemibuzo oyibuzayo.
Isingeniso ngokwaso singabonisa kafushane ukuthi ucwaningo luyi- okunobuningi, okunobungcweti noma okuxubileKungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuyidizayini yokuhlola, yokuhlola okungathi sína, ehlobene, echazayo, elawula amacala, ende, ehlanganisa izingxenye, njll., akudingekile ukucacisa zonke izinqubo, kodwa umfundi kufanele akwazi ukuqonda ukuthi ukhethe indlela efanele yemibono ehlongozwayo.
Ungabhekisela futhi ku- amasampula noma izimo ezithile (isibonelo, abafundi abasesigabeni esithile, umphakathi wezokwelapha, abasebenzi bezempilo, ochwepheshe abavela enhlanganweni) uma nje lolu lwazi lusiza ukuqonda ububanzi besifundo kanye nemikhawulo yaso engaba khona.
Umqondo uwukuthi, ekupheleni kwesingeniso, umfundi uzobe esevele enomfanekiso ojwayelekile wephrojekthi engqondweni yakhe: yini ezofundwa, nobani, ngayiphi indlela, futhi kungani ngaleyo ndlelaIngxenye yendlela izothuthukisa zonke lezi zinto ngokuningiliziwe, kodwa isisekelo sempikiswano sakhiwe lapha.
Imiphumela yemfundiso, esebenzayo kanye neyokuziphatha
Ingxenye eyodwa evame ukwenza umehluko phakathi kwesingeniso esihle nesivelele yileso ophawula kuso, ngisho noma kafushane, ngesihloko imiphumela engaba khona yemfundiso kanye nengokoqobo ngomsebenzi wakho. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi awazi nje kuphela izincwadi zangaphambilini, kodwa futhi uyaqonda ukuthi yiluphi ugebe ucwaningo lwakho oluhlose ukulugcwalisa.
Ezingeni lethiyori, ungabonisa ukuthi imiphumela yakho ingasiza kanjani lungisa amamodeli akhona, phakamisa ubudlelwano obusha phakathi kweziguquguquko, noma ubuze ngemibono yangaphambiliniEnsimini esetshenziswayo, kuvamile ukukhuluma ngezicelo ezingaba khona ezindaweni ezifana nemfundo, umkhuba wezokwelapha, ukungenelela komphakathi, ibhizinisi, noma inqubomgomo yomphakathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuhambisana nezimiso zokuziphatha ezigcizelelwa yi-APA 7, kunconywa ukubonisa ukuzwela ku- ukusetshenziswa kolwazi ngendlela efaneleLokhu kusho ukugwema ukukopisha, ukuhlonipha imfihlo yabahlanganyeli, ukuqaphela indlela amaqembu asengozini achazwa ngayo, nokusebenzisa ulimi oluhlanganisa wonke umuntu olungabandlululi ngokusekelwe kubulili, uhlanga, ubudala, noma ezinye izici zomuntu siqu.
Le ndlela yokuziphatha ixhumanisa nesidingo sokucaphuna nokubhekisela kahle kuyo yonke imithombo esetshenzisiwe, kungaba ngefomethi ephrintiwe noma yedijithali. Uhlu lwezinkomba, olulandela isitayela se-APA 7, kumele lufake ulwazi oludingekayo ukuze abanye bakwazi [ukubhekisela kumthombo]. Thola kalula izincwadi, izindatshana, imibiko, imithetho, izinto ezilalelwayo nezibonwayo, noma okuqukethwe ezinkundleni zokuxhumana. osuyisebenzisile.
Ifomethi esemthethweni yesingeniso kuhlelo lwe-APA 7th
Ngaphezu kokuqukethwe, isingeniso kumele sihambisane nenani elithile izidingo ezithile ezisemthethweni zesitayela se-APA 7Le mininingwane yokufometha iyahambisana kulo lonke umsebenzi futhi isiza ekwenzeni ukufunda kube lula futhi kube nobungcweti.
Ngokuqondene nesakhiwo sombhalo, isingeniso siqala ngo- ikhasi elisha okukhonjwe ngu inhloko kanye nenombolo yekhasi Ikhasi elihambisanayo, elivame ukuba ikhasi 3 uma umsebenzi unekhasi eliyisiqalo kanye nekhasi eliyisiqalo, noma ikhasi 2 uma kungekho sici esifakiwe. Kulelo khasi, isihloko somsebenzi sibhalwe phakathi phezulu; ngaphansi kwalo, umbhalo uqala, ngaphandle kwesihloko esithi "Isingeniso".
Ngokuphathelene nokubhala, i-APA 7 ivumela izinketho eziningana. Ezivame kakhulu yilezi Usayizi we-Times New Roman 12, i-Arial 11, i-Calibri 11, i-Georgia 11 noma i-Lucida Sans Unicode 10Into ebalulekile ukusebenzisa uhlobo lwefonti nosayizi ofanayo kulo lonke idokhumenti, okuhlanganisa isingeniso, izinkomba, kanye nezithasiselo.
Isigaba ngasinye kufanele siqale ngokuthi ukuhlehla emgqeni wokuqalaImigqa ngokuvamile ingamasentimitha angu-1,27 ukusuka emngceleni wesobunxele. Ihlukaniswe kabili, ayinazo izikhala ezengeziwe ngaphambi noma ngemva kwezigaba, futhi inemingcele ejwayelekile (isibonelo, amasentimitha angu-2,54 kuzo zonke izinhlangothi zohlamvu noma ishidi le-A4, kuye ngeziqondiso zesikhungo sakho).
Izingxenye ezilandelayo zephepha (njengendlela, imiphumela, noma ingxoxo) ziyaqhubeka ekhasini elifanayo lokubhala izinombolo Ungaqali ikhasi elisha ngaphandle kokuthi lihilela izinto ezikhethekile (njengezithasiselo ezibanzi). Izihloko zezinga 1 nangaphezulu zihlelwe ngokwesigaba sezihloko ze-APA 7, kodwa isingeniso, siphinda, asinaso isihloko esinegama laso.
Ukucaphuna okusemubhalweni kanye nezinkomba ze-APA 7 ngaphakathi kwesingeniso
Konke okushoyo esingenisweni okusekelwe eminikelweni yabanye ababhali kumele kuhambisane ne-a ingcaphuno yombhalokanye nereferensi ephelele ohlwini lokugcina. Isitayela se-APA sisebenzisa uhlelo lokucaphuna olufushane oluqukethe, okungenani, Isibongo/unyaka wokushicilela kombhaliUma isisho sisebenza njengoba sinjalo, ikhasi (k.) noma isigaba (isigaba.) nalo liyangezwa.
Endabeni izincwadi eziphrintiweIreferensi ifaka phakathi ubunikazi bombhali, unyaka, isihloko esibhalwe ngophawu oluthambile, kanye nomshicileli. Kuma-e-books, i-URL noma i-DOI iyangezwa uma itholakala. Izahluko zezincwadi, okufakiwe kwesichazamazwi, izihloko zamajenali, imibiko, ukukhishwa kwabezindaba, amaphepha enkomfa, imithetho, imithethosisekelo, izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, izinqumo zenkantolo, amalungelo obunikazi, izivivinyo, amakhasi ewebhu, izincazelo, kanye namasethi edatha ngalinye linefomethi ethile i-APA 7 eyichaza ngokunembile.
Embusweni wedijithali, umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe- phrinta isihloko kanye nesinye ku-inthanethi Itholakala lapho kukhona i-DOI noma i-URL. Uma isihloko sine-DOI, kufanele sifakwe kufomethi yesixhumanisi (isb., https://doi.org/…), noma ngabe ukufundwa kwenziwe ngokunyatheliswa, njengoba lokhu kwenza kube lula kakhulu ukuthola indawo yombhalo ogcwele ngabanye abacwaningi.
Uma isihloko sikhona ngefomethi yedijithali kuphela futhi singenayo i-DOI, i-URL yomthombo ifakiwe. Emisebenzini enezinguqulo eziphrintiwe nezedijithali kodwa ngaphandle kwe-DOI, i-APA 7 ikhombisa ukuthi ukwengeza i-URL akuyona impoqo, uma nje ivolumu, inkinga, kanye nezinombolo zekhasi zivumela umthombo ukuthi ulandwe. Ezihlokweni ezamukelwe kodwa ezingakashicilelwa, kusetshenziswa isitatimende esilandelayo: "kucindezelwa" esikhundleni sonyaka.
Isingeniso singenye yezindawo lapho izinhlobo eziningi zamafonti zingavela khona, kusukela izihloko zesayensi, imibiko yezikhungo, izinto ezilalelwayo nezibonwayo, kanye nokuthunyelwe ezinkundleni zokuxhumana noma umthetho. Zonke kumele zilandele ifomethi efanele yokubhekisela (i-APA 7 inikeza izibonelo zamaphrofayili e-X, ama-tweets, amakhasi e-Facebook, amavidiyo e-YouTube, amafilimu, njll.).
Gwema ukukopisha ulwazi futhi usebenzise ulwazi ngendlela efanele
Kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi wezemfundo, futhi ikakhulukazi esethulweni, kubalulekile ukuthi lokhu kucace ngokuphelele. yimiphi imibono evela kweminye imithombo nokuthi yimiphi eyokuqalaUkusebenzisa amagama noma imibono yomunye umuntu ngaphandle kokuvuma ukuthi ungumbhali kubhekwa njengokweba, uhlobo lokusebenzisa kabi umkhiqizo wobuhlakani bomunye umuntu.
Emazweni afana neSpain, ilungelo lokushicilela livikelwe yi- Umthetho Wempahla YengqondoNgakho-ke, ngaphezu kokuba yicala lezemfundo, ukukopisha kungaba nemiphumela yezomthetho. Amanyuvesi, imitapo yolwazi, kanye nezinsizakalo zokusekela abafundi ngokuvamile zinikeza iziqondiso ezithile mayelana nelungelo lokushicilela, ukucaphuna, kanye nokusetshenziswa kolwazi ngendlela yokuziphatha.
Ukuze ugweme noma yikuphi ukusola kokweba, noma nini lapho uthatha umbono encwadini, esihlokweni, kuwebhusayithi, ku-thesis, embikweni, emthethweni, noma ezintweni ezilalelwayo nezibonwayo, kumele khuluma ngakho ngaphakathi kombhalo Futhi, ekupheleni komsebenzi, faka ireferensi ephelele esigabeni sezincwadi noma izinkomba. Lokhu kusebenza kokubili ezicaphunweni eziqondile (zombhalo) kanye nezingcaphuno ezingaqondile (ezichazwe kabanzi).
Uma kucashunwe kahle, kuvumela ukuqashelwa komsebenzi wangaphambilini wabanye ababhali. ukunikeza ukwethembeka nokuqina ocwaningweni lwakho kanye nokwenza kube lula ngabanye abafundi ukuthola imithombo efanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-APA 7 igcizelela ukubaluleka kokusebenzisa ulimi olucacile, olunenhlonipho, nolubandakanya wonke umuntu, ukugwema izinkulumo ezibandlululayo noma ezibandlululayo kubantu noma emaqenjini.
Umsuka kanye nenhloso yesitayela se-APA
Isitayela se-APA asivelanga ngokuzumayo. Imvelaphi yaso isukela ngo-1929, lapho iqembu lezazi zengqondo linquma ukusungula iziqondiso ezivamile zokubhala kwesayensi ngenhloso yokwenza kube lula ukuqonda nokufunda imisebenzi yesayensi yezenhlalo neyokuziphatha. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, le ncwadi ibuyekeziwe ukuze ivumelane nezindlela ezintsha zokusabalalisa kanye nobuchwepheshe.
Uhlelo lwesikhombisa lwe Incwadi Yokushicilela ye-American Psychological AssociationYanyatheliswa ngo-2020, ihlanganisa Izici ezintsha zokucaphuna izinsiza ezilalelwayo nezibonwayo, imidiya yezenhlalo, namawebhusayithi kanye nezinye izinto zedijithali. Iphinde yenze kube lula ezinye izakhiwo zokubhekisela futhi yandise ukumbozwa kwezibonelo, okuhlanganisa izahluko ezithile zezihloko zejenali ezibukezwe ontanga kanye nemisebenzi eqhubekayo.
Namuhla, isitayela se-APA sesibe yindinganiso esetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni ezifana isayensi yezengqondo, imfundo, ubuhlengikazi, ukuxhumana, ibhizinisi kanye nemikhakha ehlobene nayoNakuba ingasetshenziswa cishe kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lomsebenzi wezemfundo, kunezinye izinhlelo (eChicago, eVancouver, e-ICONTEC, njll.), kodwa i-APA isalokhu iyinkomba eyinhloko emakholiji amaningi kanye nasemaphephabhukwini esayensi.
Enye yezinhloso eziyinhloko zefomethi ye-APA ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amaphepha ezemfundo aveza ukufana kanye nokuvumelanaUma umfundi esejwayele isakhiwo esithile, imigqa, amafonti, kanye nezitayela zokucaphuna, kulula kakhulu ngaye ukuthola ulwazi olubalulekile, ukulandela izimpikiswano, kanye nokuhlola ngokujulile izinkomba uma efisa.
Ukusetshenziswa kwesitayela se-APA ngale kwesingeniso
Nakuba sigxile esingenisweni lapha, kufanelekile ukukhumbula ukuthi isitayela se-APA Kuthinta wonke umsebenziKusukela ekhasini lesembozo kuya ezithasiselweni, okuhlanganisa amathebula, izibalo, imibhalo yaphansi, kanye nezingcaphuno, isakhiwo esijwayelekile sendatshana yezemfundo noma umbiko ngefomethi ye-APA sihlanganisa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ikhasi lesembozo, isifinyezo, isingeniso, indlela, imiphumela, ingxoxo, izinkomba, kanye, uma kusebenza, izithasiselelo.
Ngaphakathi kwesigaba sezinkomba, i-APA 7 inikeza iziqondiso ezinemininingwane eminingi cishe nganoma yiluphi uhlobo lombhalo. Isibonelo, ichaza indlela yokucaphuna Izincwadi eziphrintiwe neze-elekthronikhi, izahluko zezincwadi, izihloko zephephabhuku eziphrintiwe kanye neziku-inthanethi (nge-DOI, ngaphandle kwe-DOI, nge-eLocator), imibiko, ukukhishwa kwabezindaba, ukuxhumana kwengqungquthela, imithetho, imithethosisekelo, izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, izinqumo zenkantolo, amalungelo obunikazi, izivivinyo, amawebhusayithi ezikhungo, izimfundiso kanye namaphepha ezemfundo.
Kuhlanganisa neziqondiso zokubhekisela amasethi edatha, izinto ezilalelwayo nezibonwayo (njengamavidiyo noma amafilimu e-YouTube), kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuqukethwe kwezokuxhumana (amaphrofayili e-X, ama-tweets, amakhasi e-Facebook, okuthunyelwe kwezithombe, njll.). Ifomethi ngayinye yalezi inesakhiwo esithile sobumbhali, usuku, isihloko, umthombo, kanye nendawo (i-DOI noma i-URL).
Uma kushiwo isingeniso, lezi zibonelo ziwusizo kakhulu ngoba zikuvumela ukuthi ukuhlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zemithombo ngendlela ehambisanayonjalo ngezinga elifanayo. Ngakho-ke, ungasuka encazelweni esichazamazwini se-APA psychology uye embikweni wesikhungo wakamuva, okuhlanganisa ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta kanye nezihloko ezisekelwe emibonweni, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukucaca noma ukuqina okusemthethweni.
Indlela yokubhala isingeniso esihle ku-APA 7, isinyathelo ngesinyathelo
Ngaphandle kwemithi yobuchwepheshe, kuneziqondiso eziningana ezisebenzayo ezingakusiza Hlela futhi ubhale isingeniso esisebenzayo ngaphakathi kwesitayela se-APA 7. Indlela elula yokuyibuka ukucabanga “ngezingxenye” eziningana okungadingeki ukuthi zivele nezihlokwana zazo, kodwa kunalokho njengezingqimba zokuqukethwe ezinengqondo.
Esigabeni sokuqala, kuyalulekwa Veza isihloko esijwayelekile bese uchaza inkinga ethile.Lesi sigaba siphendula imibuzo efana nale: Iyini into eyinhloko? Yiziphi izici eziyisichazayo? Yisiphi isici esiqondile esizofundwa kulo msebenzi? Lesi yisingeniso sokuqala, okufanele sihilele futhi sibeke umfundi esimweni sakhe.
Esigabeni sesibili, okulandelayo kungavezwa izisusa kanye nesithakazelo Okusemuva kwesifundo: ukuthi kungani isihloko sibalulekile ezingeni lezemfundo, lobuchwepheshe noma lezenhlalo, yiziphi izikhala ezincwadini ezikuholele ekusixazululeni, noma yikuphi okuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambilini (okwakho noma okwabanye) okubonisa ukuthi kufanelekile ukukuhlola.
Ibhulokhi lesithathu lingethula, ngendlela emfushane kakhulu, indlela ejwayelekile Lesi sigaba sichaza uhlobo lwesifundo, inani labantu, amasu okuqoqwa kwedatha (izingxoxo, imibuzo, ukubonwa, ukubuyekezwa kwemibhalo, njll.), kanye nezinsimbi eziyinhloko ezisetshenziswayo, kanye nanoma yimiphi imikhawulo evamile. Akuyona ingxenye yezindlela, kodwa kunalokho umbono omfushane.
Esigabeni sesine, sekuyisikhathi sokuchaza ngokucacile inhloso yomsebenzi kanye nezinhloso zawokokubili okujwayelekile nokuqondile. Lapha ungabonisa ukuthi uhlose ukuchaza, ukuchaza, ukuqhathanisa noma ukubikezela isenzakalo, nokuthi yini okulindele ukuthi umfundi ayizuze ngokufunda umsebenzi.
Ekugcineni, isingeniso sivame ukuvala ngencazelo emfushane ukubuka kuqala kwesakhiwo sangaphakathi sedokhumentiLokhu kusebenza njengohambo olufushane lwezahluko noma izigaba, kufingqwa futhi kuhlelwe lokho umfundi azokuthola engxenyeni ngayinye. Lokhu kumsiza ukuba athole ukuqonda kusukela ekuqaleni futhi aqonde ukuthi okuqukethwe kuzokwenzeka kanjani.
Ifomethi ethile yesethulo sesethulo
Ngaphakathi kwedokhumenti, ifomethi yesingeniso kumele ihloniphe okufanayo imithetho yokwethula Umsebenzi osele kufanele ube ngesitayela se-APA 7. Amanye amaphuzu abalulekile kulula ukuwakhohlwa, ngakho-ke kungumqondo omuhle ukuwabuyekeza ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokuthumela umbhalo.
Okokuqala, isingeniso sitholakala ekhasini eline- isihloko sekhasi elifanayo ukuthi wonke umbhalo wesandla (onesihloko esifingqiwe ngoonobumba abakhulu ngakwesobunxele, uma sisetshenzisiwe, kanye nenombolo yekhasi eqondaniswe ngakwesokudla). Leli khasi livame ukuba ikhasi lesi-3 uma kukhona ikhasi lesembozo kanye nesifinyezo, noma ikhasi elilandelayo kuye ngesakhiwo sesikhungo sakho.
Isihloko somsebenzi sibonakala siphakathi nendawo, sibhalwe ngokugqamile, nangesitayela sesihloko (ngoonobumba abakhulu bokuqala bamagama ayinhloko), futhi ngezansi nje kuqala umbhalo wesingeniso ngo- izigaba ezifakwe ngaphakathiAkukho sihloko esengeziwe esifakiwe esithi “Isingeniso.” Lokhu kungabikho kwesihloko kuyisici esithile sesitayela se-APA esimangaza ngezinye izikhathi labo abavela kwezinye izinhlobo.
Igcina i isikhala esiphindwe kabili kulo lonke umbhalo, kufaka phakathi izingcaphuno, uhlu, kanye nezinkomba. Uhlu olunezinhlamvu noma olunezinombolo lungasetshenziswa kancane ukwethula imibuzo ebalulekile, izinhloso, noma amaphuzu ayinhloko, njalo kuqinisekiswa ukuthi awaphazamisi ukugeleza kwempikiswano.
Okokugcina, kubalulekile ukuhlola ukuthi noma yikuphi ukucashunwa okufakiwe esingenisweni kuhlelwe kahle ngokwe-APA 7: ababhali bahlukaniswe ngamakhoma, ukusetshenziswa okufanele kuka-“futhi” noma “&”, inkomba ka-“et al.” ngemuva kwenani elihambisanayo lababhali, kanye ukuvumelana okuphelele phakathi kwezingcaphuno zombhalo kanye nezinkomba zokugcina.
Ngokuklama ngokucophelela kokubili okuqukethwe kanye nefomethi yesingeniso ngokwesimiso sesi-7 seziqondiso ze-APA, umbhalo ophumayo awugcini nje ngokuhlangabezana nezidingo zemfundo nezokuziphatha kodwa futhi wenza kube lula kakhulu ukuqonda komfundi ngomsebenzi, okwenza kucace kusukela ekuqaleni. Iyiphi inkinga exazululwayo, kungani ifanelwe ukunakwa, futhi ucwaningo luklanywe kanjani? ukunikeza ulwazi oluqinile noluwusizo.