El isimo Kungumqondo oyisisekelo kusayensi yezenhlalo nezepolitiki, kubhekiselwa ohlotsheni lwenhlangano yezepolitiki esebenzisa igunya elinamandla endaweni echaziwe kanye nenani labantu bayo. Izici zombuso zihlukene futhi zihlanganisa izici zomthetho, ezombusazwe, nezenhlalo.
Incazelo Yombuso
Ngamagama abanzi, a isimo Kungachazwa njengenhlangano yezepolitiki enikezwe yona ubukhosi, elinamandla okudala nokuphoqelela imithetho, kanye nokugcina ukuhleleka komphakathi. Ukuze izwe lithathwe njengalokhu, kufanele lihlangabezane nezidingo ezimbalwa:
- Indawo: Kufanele ibe nendawo echazwe ngokucacile ngokwendawo.
- Inani labantu: Kufanele ube neqembu elizinzile labantu.
- Uhulumeni: Idinga ukuphathwa okuqondisa nokulawula impilo yomphakathi.
- Ubukhosi: Kumele ibe nekhono lokwenza futhi ithathe izinqumo ngaphandle kokungenelela kwezinye izifundazwe.
Izici Zombuso
Phakathi kokuyinhloko izici zombuso yilezi:
- Ukusungulwa: Umbuso uhlelwe ngezikhungo ezilawula futhi zihlele impilo yezenhlalo nezepolitiki.
- Okusemthethweni: Isebenza ngaphansi kohlaka lomthetho olusungula amalungelo nezibopho zezakhamizi kanye nohulumeni uqobo.
- I-monopoly yodlame olusemthethweni: Umbuso unelungelo elikhethekile lokusebenzisa udlame ukugcina ukuhleleka nokuvikeleka.
- Amandla abusayo: Inegunya eliphakeme kakhulu endaweni yayo futhi yaziwa ngaphakathi nangaphandle.
- Ubudlelwano nomphakathi: Umbuso uhlobene nenani labantu ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, ezithonya izimpilo zabo zansuku zonke ngezinqubomgomo zomphakathi, izintela, amalungelo, kanye nemisebenzi.
Izinhlobo Zombuso
Amazwe angahlukaniswa ngezindlela eziningana. Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zibalwe ngezansi:
I-Uninary State
Un isimo esisodwa ingenye lapho amandla egxiliswe ezingeni elilodwa likahulumeni, onegunya phezu kwendawo yonke. Izibonelo zezifundazwe ezihlangene yilezi EFrance y Japan.
Izici ze-Uninary State
- I-Centralization yamandla: Zonke izinqumo zezepolitiki zenziwa esikhungweni sokuphatha.
- Ukufana okusemthethweni: Kunemithetho neziqondiso ezisebenza kuyo yonke indawo.
- Ukwabiwa kwezindawo zokuphatha: Nakuba amandla ehlangene, kungase kube khona izithunywa ezithile kohulumeni basekhaya ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ubuholi obuphakathi.
I-Federal State
Ngokuphambene, a umbuso wesifundazwe ingenye lapho amandla esabalaliswa khona phakathi kukahulumeni omkhulu kanye nohulumeni bezifunda noma basekhaya. Izibonelo ezimele ziyi United States y Alemania.
Izici ze-Federal State
- Ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla: Izinga ngalinye likahulumeni linamandla athile kanye nekhono.
- Umthethosisekelo Wezwe: Ukusebenza kwawo kubuswa umthethosisekelo ochaza ngokusobala amandla ebhizinisi ngalinye.
- Ukuzimela kwezifundazwe: Ohulumeni bezifunda banokuzimela okuthile kokushaya umthetho ngezindaba zasendaweni.
Izwe likazwelonke
El izwe likazwelonke Isekelwe kumasiko, ubuzwe, noma ubunikazi bomlando besibalo sabantu. Lolu hlobo lombuso luhlose ukukhuthaza ubumbano lwesizwe phezu kokuhlukana kwabantu ngabanye. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa Japan y Italia.
Izici Zombuso Kazwelonke
- Ubunikazi bamasiko: Ithuthukisa izici zamasiko ezihlanganisa abantu.
- Inqubomgomo yokuhlanganisa: Ithuthukisa izinqubomgomo eziqinisa ukubumbana komphakathi.
- Ubukhosi bukazwelonke: Ukuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke kufunwa ngokugcizelela isiko namasiko.
Umbuso wePlurinational
El isimo se-plurinational ibona ubukhona bezizwe eziningi endaweni eyodwa. Lolu hlobo lwesimo luvamile ezindaweni lapho ukuhlukahluka kwamasiko nezinhlanga kubalulekile, njengaku Bolivia y Canada.
Izici ze-Plurinational State
- Ukwamukelwa kokuhlukahluka: Ikhuthaza ukufakwa nokuhlonipha amasiko nezilimi ezahlukene.
- Ukuzimela kwesifunda: Izizwe ezingaphansi kombuso zingase zibe neziqu zokuzimela ezizivumela ukuthi zizibuse ezicini ezithile.
- Izinqubomgomo zamasiko: Ikhuthaza ukubambisana nezingxoxo phakathi kwamasiko ahlukene akhona endaweni.
Umbuso Neqhaza Lawo Emphakathini
Iqhaza lombuso emphakathini liningi. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yayo ebaluleke kakhulu yilezi:
- Isiqinisekiso samalungelo: Umbuso unomthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo ezakhamuzi zawo, ukuqinisekisa ukulingana phambi komthetho.
- Ezokuphepha nokuzivikela: Kufanele iqinisekise ukuvikelwa kwezakhamizi zayo ezinsongweni zangaphakathi nezangaphandle.
- Umthethonqubo wezomnotho: Iyangenelela emnothweni ukuze kuqinisekiswe intuthuko esimeme nelinganayo.
- Ukuhlinzekwa kwezinsiza zomphakathi: Inesibopho sokuhlinzeka ngemfundo, ezempilo kanye nezidingongqangi kubantu.
Ubudlelwano phakathi koMbuso nobuzwe
Ubudlelwano phakathi kombuso nezakhamizi zawo bubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwanoma yimuphi umbuso. Ukuba yisakhamuzi kubandakanya amalungelo nemisebenzi okuvunyelwene ngayo:
Amalungelo Obuzwe
- Ilungelo lokubamba iqhaza: Ithuba lokuvota nokuvotelwa okhethweni.
- Ilungelo lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile: Ikhono lokuveza imibono ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela.
- Ilungelo lokuvikelwa: Ukusekelwa ngokomthetho kanye nokuvikelwa ekuhlukunyezweni yizikhungo zombuso.
Imisebenzi yobuzwe
- Ukuhlonipha umthetho: Ukuhambisana namazinga amiswe umbuso.
- Inkokhelo yentela: Iqhaza ekuxhaseni ngezimali izinsiza zomphakathi.
- Ukubamba iqhaza komphakathi: Zibandakanye ezinhlelweni ezithuthukisa okuhle kubo bonke.
Izinselelo Nezinselelo Zesifundazwe Sanamuhla
Kulesi simo samanje, imibuso ibhekene nezinselelo ezehlukene ezivivinya amandla azo okubusa:
Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke
La ukubumbana kwezwe Iye yabekela inselele ubukhosi bezifundazwe, njengoba izinqumo zezomnotho nezombangazwe zivame ukweqa imingcele yamazwe. Izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe zingaba nomthelela omkhulu kunqubomgomo yezwe kunabanye bohulumeni bazo.
Inkinga Yemvelo
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kubonisa inselele enkulu. Amazwe kumele asebenzisane namazwe ngamazwe ukuze asebenzise izinqubomgomo ezisebenzayo ukuze kuncishiswe imiphumela yazo.
Ukungabi Nabulungisa Komphakathi
Ukungalingani kwezenhlalo nezomnotho kuyanda ezifundazweni eziningi, okubhebhezela ukungezwani kwezenhlalo kanye nemibhikisho. Ukulwela ubulungiswa bezenhlalakahle kuwudaba olubalulekile ohlelweni lwezepolitiki lwamanje.
Ubuchwepheshe obusha
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe- ubuchwepheshe obusha Kuphinde kube nezinselelo. Kusukela kubumfihlo bedijithali kuya ekulawuleni inkundla yezokuxhumana, izifundazwe kumele zizivumelanise nendawo ehlala ishintsha.
Izwe kanye Nentando Yeningi
Ukusebenza kombuso ngentando yeningi kungesinye isici esibalulekile. Umbuso wentando yeningi ukhuthaza:
- Izinkululeko zomphakathi: Vumela izakhamuzi ukuba zijabulele inkululeko eyisisekelo.
- Ukuphawula: Gcina izinqubo ezicacile nezifinyeleleka ekuphathweni kwakho.
- Ukuziphendulela: Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni zithweswa icala ngezenzo nezinqumo zazo.
- Ukubamba iqhaza kwezakhamizi: Khuthaza ukuzibandakanya okubonakalayo kwezakhamizi ekuthathweni kwezinqumo zezepolitiki kanye nempilo yomphakathi.
Umbuso uyisikhungo esibalulekile emphakathini wethu esingagcini nje ngokuqinisekisa ukuhleleka nobulungiswa kodwa futhi esigqugquzela impilo yentando yeningi kanye nentuthuko yezenhlalakahle nezomnotho. Ukuqonda imisebenzi yayo, izici, kanye nezinselelo ebhekene nazo emhlabeni wamanje kubalulekile ekuqiniseni ukubamba iqhaza kwezakhamizi kanye nokukhuthaza ikusasa elinobulungiswa nelisimeme kakhulu lawo wonke umuntu.